{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:48:14Z","timestamp":1789505294274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":114,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sex hormones and migraine are closely interlinked. Women report higher levels of migraine symptoms during periods of sex hormone fluctuation, particularly during puberty, pregnancy, and perimenopause. Ovarian steroids, such as estrogen and progesterone, exert complex effects on the peripheral and central nervous systems, including pain, a variety of special sensory and autonomic functions, and affective processing. A panel of basic scientists, when challenged to explain what was known about how sex hormones affect the nervous system, focused on two hormones: estrogen and oxytocin. Notably, other hormones, such as progesterone, testosterone, and vasopressin, are less well studied but are also highlighted in this review. When discussing what new therapeutic agent might be an alternative to hormone therapy and menopause replacement therapy for migraine treatment, the panel pointed to oxytocin delivered as a nasal spray. Overall, the conclusion was that progress in the preclinical study of hormones on the nervous system has been challenging and slow, that there remain substantial gaps in our understanding of the complex roles sex hormones play in migraine, and that opportunities remain for improved or novel therapeutic agents. Manipulation of sex hormones, perhaps through biochemical modifications where its positive effects are selected for and side effects are minimized, remains a theoretical goal, one that might have an impact on migraine disease and other symptoms of menopause. This review is a call to action for increased interest and funding for preclinical research on sex hormones, their metabolites, and their receptors. Interdisciplinary research, perhaps facilitated by a collaborative communication network or panel, is a possible strategy to achieve this goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T03:47:09Z","timestamp":1707277629000},"page":"184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["How Sex Hormones Affect Migraine: An Interdisciplinary Preclinical Research Panel Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Frederick","family":"Godley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Association of Migraine Disorders, P.O. Box 870, North Kingstown, RI 02852, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8860-4110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Meitzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hadas","family":"Nahman-Averbuch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Clinical and Translational Research, Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Angela","family":"O\u2019Neal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brigham and Women\u2019s Hospital, 45 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-8539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Yeomans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9096-7490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nanette","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Riggins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Performance Center and Research Institute, San Diego, CA 92122, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Edvinsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Experimental Vascular Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2019.06.001","article-title":"Migraine: Epidemiology, Burden, and Comorbidity","volume":"37","author":"Burch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-022-01034-w","article-title":"Sex Differences in Chronic Migraine: Focusing on Clinical Features, Pathophysiology, and Treatments","volume":"26","author":"Tsai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","author":"Vos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"703","article-title":"Headache in Children and Adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Szperka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-018-3378-2","article-title":"Gender differences in migraine","volume":"39","author":"Tonini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30293-9","article-title":"Sex differences in the epidemiology, clinical features, and pathophysiology of migraine","volume":"16","author":"Vetvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2154","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000233888.18228.19","article-title":"Incidence of migraine relative to menstrual cycle phases of rising and falling estrogen","volume":"67","author":"MacGregor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313235","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2023.13235","article-title":"Population-Based Characterization of Menstrual Migraine and Proposed Diagnostic Criteria","volume":"6","author":"Chalmer","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002798","article-title":"Sex hormones in women with and without migraine: Evidence of migraine-specific hormone profiles","volume":"87","author":"Allshouse","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.16033","article-title":"Combined hormonal contraceptives and migraine: An update on the evidence","volume":"84","author":"Calhoun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clevel. Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417710636","article-title":"Effectiveness of the progestin-only pill for migraine treatment in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","author":"Warhurst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s13669-023-00349-8","article-title":"Considerations for Contraceptive Use Among Patients with Migraines","volume":"12","author":"Lyall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1177\/2053369117731172","article-title":"Migraine, menopause and hormone replacement therapy","volume":"24","author":"MacGregor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Post Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"S26","article-title":"Migraine in pregnancy","volume":"53","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00350.x","article-title":"Headache and transient focal neurological symptoms during pregnancy, a prospective cohort","volume":"111","author":"Zwart","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0329-1","article-title":"Headache and migraine during pregnancy and puerperium: The MIGRA-study","volume":"12","author":"Kvisvik","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39559.675891.AD","article-title":"Migraine in pregnancy","volume":"336","author":"Goadsby","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000001954","article-title":"Acute headache diagnosis in pregnant women: A hospital-based study","volume":"85","author":"Robbins","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00480.x","article-title":"Course of migraine during pregnancy and postpartum: A prospective study","volume":"23","author":"Sances","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-016-0634-9","article-title":"Managing Migraine during Pregnancy and Lactation","volume":"16","author":"Wells","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00027.x","article-title":"Predictability of exogenous hormone effect on subgroups of migraineurs","volume":"40","author":"Mueller","year":"2000","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3109\/13697130009167613","article-title":"Headache at menopause and in hormone replacement therapy users","volume":"3","author":"Hodson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Climacteric J. Int. Menopause Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2014.05.018","article-title":"Migraine and perimenopause","volume":"78","author":"Ibrahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3307385.x","article-title":"Migraine without aura and reproductive life events: A clinical epidemiological study in 1300 women","volume":"33","author":"Granella","year":"1993","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1995.015002140.x","article-title":"Sex-hormone-related events in migrainous females. A clinical comparative study between migraine with aura and migraine without aura","volume":"15","author":"Cupini","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03092.x","article-title":"Migraine prevalence during menopausal transition","volume":"43","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000295867.06184.b1","article-title":"Symptoms in the menopausal transition: Hormone and behavioral correlates","volume":"111","author":"Freeman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2003.03005.x","article-title":"Hormonal factors in migraine: A population-based study of women aged 40 to 74 years","volume":"43","author":"Mattsson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.04.054","article-title":"Vestibular migraine may be an important cause of dizziness\/vertigo in perimenopausal period","volume":"75","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001104","article-title":"Evaluation and management of migraine in midlife women","volume":"25","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00857528","article-title":"Deterioration or onset of migraine under oestrogen replacement therapy in the menopause","volume":"240","author":"Kaiser","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-012-0424-y","article-title":"Migraine in women: The role of hormones and their impact on vascular diseases","volume":"13","author":"Sacco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0753-3322(02)00181-6","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of phytoestrogen in the prophylactic treatment of menstrual migraine","volume":"56","author":"Burke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2010.03.003","article-title":"The pros and cons of phytoestrogens","volume":"31","author":"Patisaul","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.3109\/13697137.2014.966241","article-title":"Efficacy of phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: A meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Climacteric"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13622","article-title":"The potential health effects of dietary phytoestrogens","volume":"174","author":"Rietjens","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Estrogen Effects on Pain Sensitivity and Neuropeptide Expression in Rat Sensory Neurons","volume":"224","author":"Sarajari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0599-6","article-title":"Mismatch in how oestrogen modulates molecular and neuronal function may explain menstrual migraine","volume":"27","author":"Welch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2020.1724285","article-title":"Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP): Role in migraine pathophysiology and therapeutic targeting","volume":"24","author":"Wattiez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2005.04.002","article-title":"Ovarian steroids regulate neuropeptides in the trigeminal ganglion","volume":"39","author":"Puri","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2013.08.001","article-title":"Estrogen: A master regulator of bioenergetic systems in the brain and body","volume":"35","author":"Rettberg","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-023-01598-x","article-title":"Estrogen modulation of cortical spreading depression","volume":"24","author":"Kudo","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Q., Zhang, W., Sadana, N., and Chen, X. (2021). Estrogen receptors in pain modulation: Cellular signaling. Biol. Sex Differ., 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-021-00364-5"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1397","article-title":"Minireview: Neural Signaling of Estradiol in the Hypothalamus","volume":"29","author":"Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0103-18.2018","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0103-18.2018","article-title":"Estradiol Drives the Anorexigenic Activity of Proopiomelanocortin Neurons in Female Mice","volume":"5","author":"Stincic","year":"2018","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-014-0410-y","article-title":"Migraine and Reward System\u2014Or Is It Aversive?","volume":"18","author":"Cahill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13122","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.13122","article-title":"The estrous cycle and 17\u03b2-estradiol modulate the electrophysiological properties of rat nucleus accumbens core medium spiny neurons","volume":"34","author":"Krentzel","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2018.04.002","article-title":"Rapid effects of ovarian hormones in dorsal striatum and nucleus accumbens","volume":"104","author":"Yoest","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.5214\/ans.0972.7531.190403","article-title":"Effects of estrogen on the serotonergic system and calcitonin gene-related peptide in trigeminal ganglia of rats","volume":"19","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(80)90809-4","article-title":"Hormone-induced enlargement of receptive fields in trigeminal mechanoreceptive neurons. II. possible mechanisms","volume":"184","author":"Bereiter","year":"1980","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.11.013","article-title":"Daily Fluctuations of Progesterone and Testosterone Are Associated with Fibromyalgia Pain Severity","volume":"19","author":"Schertzinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.246660","article-title":"3\u03b2-Methyl-Neurosteroid Analogs Are Preferential Positive Allosteric Modulators and Direct Activators of Extrasynaptic \u03b4-Subunit \u03b3-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptors in the Hippocampus Dentate Gyrus Subfield","volume":"365","author":"Chuang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53630-3.00008-7","article-title":"Neurosteroids: Endogenous role in the human brain and therapeutic potentials","volume":"186","author":"Reddy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1385\/ENDO:14:3:407","article-title":"Ovarian Hormones Elicit Phosphorylation of Akt and Extracellular-Signal Regulated Kinase in Explants of the Cerebral Cortex","volume":"14","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"ENDO"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-1703-1","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms underlying the actions of arachidonic acid-derived prostaglandins on peripheral nociception","volume":"17","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroinflamm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3575","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706779026200","article-title":"Effects of Progesterone on Sleep: A Possible Pharmacological Treatment for Sleep-Breathing Disorders?","volume":"13","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"CMC"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2020.06.001","article-title":"Progesterone, reproduction, and psychiatric illness","volume":"69","author":"Standeven","year":"2020","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(03)00360-1","article-title":"Sources of estrogen and their importance","volume":"86","author":"Simpson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000112","article-title":"Nociceptive processing in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): The role of menstrual phase and sex hormones","volume":"31","author":"Bartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000153","article-title":"Natural variation in testosterone is associated with hypoalgesia in healthy women","volume":"31","author":"Bartley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12908","article-title":"Testosterone effects on pain and brain activation patterns","volume":"61","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2012.07267.x","article-title":"Modulation of pain sensation by stress-related testosterone and cortisol","volume":"67","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1159\/000279303","article-title":"Menstrual variation in experimental pain: Correlation with gonadal hormones","volume":"61","author":"Teepker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1286.022","article-title":"Gonadectomy affects hormonal and behavioral responses to repetitive nociceptive stimulation in male rats","volume":"1007","author":"Aloisi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00460-8","article-title":"The behavioral and neuronal effects induced by repetitive nociceptive stimulation are affected by gonadal hormones in male rats","volume":"104","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2005.06.011","article-title":"Specificity of female and male sex hormones on excitatory and inhibitory phases of formalin-induced nociceptive responses","volume":"1052","author":"Gaumond","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2003.12.023","article-title":"Testosterone affects formalin-induced responses differently in male and female rats","volume":"361","author":"Aloisi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304-3959(02)00457-8","article-title":"Gonadal steroid hormone modulation of nociception, morphine antinociception and reproductive indices in male and female rats","volume":"103","author":"Stoffel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/01.j.pain.0000460308.86819.aa","article-title":"Effects of testosterone replacement in men with opioid-induced androgen deficiency: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"156","author":"Basaria","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01334-3","article-title":"Clinical symptoms of androgen deficiency in men with migraine or cluster headache: A cross-sectional cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Verhagen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117842","DOI":"10.3389\/fpain.2023.1117842","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of hormones implicated in migraine and the translational implication for transgender patients","volume":"4","author":"Martinez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pain Res."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"3","article-title":"c-fos and its Consequences in Pain","volume":"9","author":"Ahmad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Malays. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2015.05.016","article-title":"Treatment of pain in fibromyalgia patients with testosterone gel: Pharmacokinetics and clinical response","volume":"27","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2006.12.007","article-title":"The protective role of testosterone in the development of temporomandibular joint pain","volume":"8","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2012.01.006","article-title":"Testosterone pellet implants and migraine headaches: A pilot study","volume":"71","author":"Glaser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.16.1906","article-title":"Low-dose transdermal testosterone therapy improves angina threshold in men with chronic stable angina: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"102","author":"English","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13082","article-title":"Oxytocin and Migraine Headache","volume":"57","author":"Tzabazis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31829f57df","article-title":"Oxytocin and pain: A systematic review and synthesis of findings","volume":"30","author":"Rash","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.07.020","article-title":"The Social Salience Hypothesis of Oxytocin","volume":"79","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"25","article-title":"Relief of acute migraine headache with intravenous oxytocin: Report of two cases","volume":"20","author":"Phillips","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2012.12.003","article-title":"The interaction between the oxytocin and pain modulation in headache patients","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paloyelis, Y., Krah\u00e9, C., Maltezos, S., Williams, S.C., Howard, M.A., and Fotopoulou, A. (2016). The Analgesic Effect of Oxytocin in Humans: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Cross-Over Study Using Laser-Evoked Potentials. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12347"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.02.015","article-title":"A review of safety, side-effects and subjective reactions to intranasal oxytocin in human research","volume":"36","author":"MacDonald","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36641-7","article-title":"An analgesic pathway from parvocellular oxytocin neurons to the periaqueductal gray in rats","volume":"14","author":"Iwasaki","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.901880108","article-title":"The distribution of oxytocin- and neurophysin-stained fibers in the spinal cord of the rat and monkey","volume":"188","author":"Swanson","year":"1979","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-4-19","article-title":"Oxytocin-induced antinociception in the spinal cord is mediated by a subpopulation of glutamatergic neurons in lamina I-II which amplify GABAergic inhibition","volume":"4","author":"Breton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2006.12.045","article-title":"GABA-mediated oxytocinergic inhibition in dorsal horn neurons by hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus stimulation","volume":"1137","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(03)02690-8","article-title":"Actions of oxytocin and interactions with glutamate on spontaneous and evoked dorsal spinal cord neuronal activities","volume":"976","author":"Delgado","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.01.029","article-title":"Oxytocin and electrical stimulation of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus produce antinociceptive effects that are reversed by an oxytocin antagonist","volume":"122","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2011.03.007","article-title":"Oxytocin in the periaqueductal gray participates in pain modulation in the rat by influencing endogenous opiate peptides","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2011.04.007","article-title":"Oxytocin in the periaqueductal grey regulates nociception in the rat","volume":"169","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2007.03.003","article-title":"Central oxytocin enhances antinociception in the rat","volume":"28","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.10.023","article-title":"Investigating the role of the hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus in nociception in the rat","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420929027","article-title":"Oxytocin as a regulatory neuropeptide in the trigeminovascular system: Localization, expression and function of oxytocin and oxytocin receptors","volume":"40","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1079-8","article-title":"The distribution of oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor in rat brain: Relation to regions active in migraine","volume":"21","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00646.2020","article-title":"Activation of oxytocin receptor in the trigeminal ganglion attenuates orofacial ectopic pain attributed to inferior alveolar nerve injury","volume":"125","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14152","article-title":"A new hypothesis linking oxytocin to menstrual migraine","volume":"61","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2021","journal-title":"Headache J. Head Face Pain"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70358-8","article-title":"Migraine aura pathophysiology: The role of blood vessels and microembolisation","volume":"9","author":"Dalkara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1993.1303214-6.x","article-title":"Does Vasopressin Serve a Vasomotor Adaptive Function in Migraine?","volume":"13","author":"Gupta","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1996.3610586.x","article-title":"Migraine patients show increased platelet vasopressin receptors","volume":"36","author":"Buschmann","year":"1996","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1106249.x","article-title":"Elevation of plasma vasopressin in spontaneous migraine","volume":"11","author":"Hampton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1988.0801055.x","article-title":"Plasma vasopressin levels in induced migraine attacks","volume":"8","author":"Peatfield","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"FNL51","DOI":"10.2217\/fnl-2020-0017","article-title":"The antimigraine action of arginine-vasopressin: A theoretical basis","volume":"15","author":"Bahadoram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Neurol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2012.07.029","article-title":"Effect of intranasal arginine vasopressin on human headache","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01197-0","article-title":"Estrogen receptors \u03b1, \u03b2 and GPER in the CNS and trigeminal system\u2014Molecular and functional aspects","volume":"21","author":"Warfvinge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-022-01524-7","article-title":"Expression of vasopressin and its receptors in migraine-related regions in CNS and the trigeminal system: Influence of sex","volume":"23","author":"Maddahi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Headache Pain"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26070","article-title":"Meningeal CGRP-Prolactin Interaction Evokes Female-Specific Migraine Behavior","volume":"89","author":"Avona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3331024221136286","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221136286","article-title":"Prolactin in headache and migraine: A systematic review of clinical studies","volume":"43","author":"Kalatharan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2254676","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2023.2254676","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of prolactin neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of female-prevalent pain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Maciuba","year":"2023","journal-title":"mAbs"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100835","article-title":"Sex bias and omission in neuroscience research is influenced by research model and journal, but not reported NIH funding","volume":"57","author":"Mamlouk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0278-17.2017","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0278-17.2017","article-title":"Problems and Progress regarding Sex Bias and Omission in Neuroscience Research","volume":"4","author":"Will","year":"2017","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417739584","article-title":"Gender aspects of CGRP in migraine","volume":"39","author":"MaassenVanDenBrink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bqab109","DOI":"10.1210\/endocr\/bqab109","article-title":"Sensory Neurons, Neuroimmunity, and Pain Modulation by Sex Hormones","volume":"162","author":"Lenert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757101","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2757101","article-title":"Sex-Related Effects of Adrenergic Drugs on Conditioned Pain Modulation: A Randomized Controlled Cross-Over Double-Blind Trial","volume":"2022","author":"Harvey","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pain Res. Manag."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/2\/184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:56:10Z","timestamp":1760104570000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/2\/184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"references-count":114,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14020184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14020184","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]}}}