{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:29:50Z","timestamp":1792114190110,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":171,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]],"date-time":"2024-02-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Semen quality represents a compelling factor for fertility, and delineating the normal values has proven difficult. In the last four decades, several authors have reported a noticeable decline in sperm parameters. Also, studies investigating \u2018time to pregnancy\u2019 have shown that fecundity begins to be reduced when sperm numbers decrease below 30 million, even though according to the 6th edition of the WHO manual, the normal value is currently 16 million\/mL or 39 million per ejaculate. There exists sufficient data to suggest a decline in sperm counts over time, even though the clear reason for this adverse trend is not well established, but some associations have been hypothesised, such as maternal smoking during pregnancy. Additional potential factors have yet to be fully illustrated but involve poor diet, increased obesity, and exposure to environmental toxins. Moreover, the change in environmental conditions and more common exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), such as pesticides and herbicides, as well as bisphenol A, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls, and heavy metals, starting from prenatal life and continuing into adulthood, may exhibit probable features explaining the reduction in sperm parameters. Therefore, the main goal of this narrative review is to furnish an overview of the possible effects of exposure to EDCs on testicular function and spermatogenesis and, also, to summarise the evidence regarding a decrease in sperm quality and examine its potential consequences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14020198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]],"date-time":"2024-02-12T03:50:27Z","timestamp":1707709827000},"page":"198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Decrease in Sperm Parameters in the 21st Century: Obesity, Lifestyle, or Environmental Factors? An Updated Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7698-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romualdo","family":"Sciorio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fertility Medicine and Gynaecological Endocrinology Unit, Department Woman-Mother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Tramontano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women, Infants and Adolescents, Division of Obstetrics, Geneva University Hospitals, 1211 Geneve, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Adel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo 11651, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6242-8083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Fleming","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Anatomy & Histology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"286","article-title":"Male Infertility as a Proxy of the Overall Male Health Status","volume":"70","author":"Capogrosso","year":"2018","journal-title":"Minerva Urol. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12673","article-title":"The Present Crisis in Male Reproductive Health: An Urgent Need for a Political, Social, and Research Roadmap","volume":"7","author":"Barratt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)49891-2","article-title":"Sperm morphologic features as a prognostic factor in in vitro fertilization","volume":"46","author":"Kruger","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmac035","article-title":"Temporal trends in sperm count: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis of samples collected globally in the 20th and 21st centuries","volume":"29","author":"Levine","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2016.09.035","article-title":"Decline in semen quality among 30,636 young Chinese men from 2001 to 2015","volume":"107","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30040-7","article-title":"Novel concepts in the aetiology of male reproductive impairment","volume":"5","author":"Tournaye","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138191","article-title":"Higher success rate by intracytoplasmic sperm injection than by subzonal insemination. Report of a second series of 300 consecutive treatment cycles","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2981","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2019-00486","article-title":"Is testicular germ cell cancer estrogen dependent? The role of endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"160","author":"Chevalier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30690-7","article-title":"Populations, Decreasing Fertility, and Reproductive Health","volume":"393","author":"Skakkebaek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp048","article-title":"World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics","volume":"16","author":"Cooper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deac011","article-title":"The changing tide of human fertility","volume":"37","author":"Aitken","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chodick, G., Epstein, S., and Shalev, V. (2020). Secular trends in testosterone\u2014Findings from a large state-mandate care provider. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00575-2"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"239","article-title":"Risk of Childhood Mortality in Family Members of Men with Poor Semen Quality","volume":"32","author":"Hanson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.11.080","article-title":"Increased Risk of Cancer in Infertile Men: Analysis of U.S. Claims Data","volume":"193","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.11.011","article-title":"Increased Risk of Incident Chronic Medical Conditions in Infertile Men: Analysis of United States Claims Data","volume":"105","author":"Eisenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx067","article-title":"Semen Quality as a Predictor of Subsequent Morbidity: A Danish Cohort Study of 4,712 Men with Long-Term Follow-up","volume":"186","author":"Latif","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12477","article-title":"Semen Quality Associated with Subsequent Hospitalizations\u2014Can the Effect be Explained by socio-Economic Status and Lifestyle Factors?","volume":"6","author":"Latif","year":"2018","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201300113","article-title":"A Paternal Environmental Legacy: Evidence for Epigenetic Inheritance Through the Male Germ Line","volume":"36","author":"Soubry","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0111-0","article-title":"The Sperm Factor: Paternal Impact Beyond Genes","volume":"121","author":"Immler","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.157","article-title":"Epigenetics in Male Reproduction: Effect of Paternal Diet on Sperm Quality and Offspring Health","volume":"13","author":"Schagdarsurengin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jenkins, T.G., Aston, K.I., Cairns, B., Smith, A., and Carrell, D.T. (2018). Paternal Germ Line Aging: DNA Methylation Age Prediction from Human Sperm. BMC Genom., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-5153-4"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2017.04.001","article-title":"From Sperm to Offspring: Assessing the Heritable Genetic Consequences of Paternal Smoking and Potential Public Health Impacts","volume":"773","author":"Beal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2016.04.010","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking and Semen Quality: A New Meta analysis Examining the Effect of the 2010 World Health Organization Laboratory Methods for the Examination of Human Semen","volume":"70","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-227694","article-title":"Paternal Lifestyle as a Potential Source of Germline Mutations Transmitted to Offspring","volume":"27","author":"Linschooten","year":"2013","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.042432","article-title":"High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population","volume":"97","author":"Jensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0320-7","article-title":"Smoke, alcohol and drug addiction and male fertility","volume":"16","author":"Sansone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"887","article-title":"Correlation between lead and cadmium concentration and semen quality","volume":"47","author":"Pant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1042\/bj2770133","article-title":"Gaz phase oxidants of cigarette smoke induce lipid peroxidation and changes in lipoprotein properties in human blood plasma. Protective effect of ascorbic acid","volume":"277","author":"Frei","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-007-8020-8","article-title":"High levels of cadmium and lead in seminal fluid and blood of smoking men are associated with high oxidative stress and damage in infertile subjects","volume":"120","author":"Kiziler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0990421","article-title":"Concentrations of lead, cadmium and zinc in the tissues of reproductive organs of men","volume":"99","author":"Oldereid","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2605.2008.00943.x","article-title":"Biological and clinical significance of DNA damage in the male germ line","volume":"32","author":"Aitken","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.076836","article-title":"DNA damage in human spermatozoa is highly correlated with the efficiency of chromatin remodeling and the formation of 8-hydroxy-29-deoxyguanosine, a marker of oxidative stress","volume":"81","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"1488","article-title":"The presence of a truncated base excision repair pathway in human spermatozoa that is mediated by OGG1","volume":"126 Pt. 6","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu118","article-title":"Alcohol and male reproductive health: A cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA","volume":"29","author":"Jensen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114542883","article-title":"Testicular development of male mice offsprings exposed to acrylamide and alcohol during the gestation and lactation period","volume":"34","author":"Sen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"195","article-title":"Alcohol\u2019s effects on male reproduction","volume":"22","author":"Emanuele","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Health Res. World"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1038\/aja.2012.118","article-title":"Does alcohol have any effect on male reproductive function? A review of literature","volume":"15","author":"Condorelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1111\/and.12284","article-title":"Chronic consumption of alcohol and sperm parameters: Our experience and the main evidences","volume":"47","author":"Condorelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finelli, R., Mottola, F., and Agarwal, A. (2021). Impact of Alcohol Consumption on Male Fertility Potential: A Narrative Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010328"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1985.tb01714.x","article-title":"Semen analysis in alcohol dependence syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Kucheria","year":"1985","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"463","article-title":"Effect of chronic ethanol diet in expression of gonadotropin genes in the male rat","volume":"260","author":"Salonen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"844","article-title":"Marijuana use and its influence on sperm morphology and motility: Identified risk for fertility among Jamaican men","volume":"18","author":"Carroll","year":"2019","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000248","article-title":"Cannabis and male fertility: A systematic review","volume":"202","author":"Payne","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.110.011874","article-title":"The insults of illicit drug use on male fertility","volume":"33","author":"Fronczak","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4103\/aja.aja_80_17","article-title":"Decline in semen concentration of healthy Chinese adults: Evidence from 9357 participants from 2010 to 2015","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.10.013","article-title":"Social support modifies an association between work stress and semen quality\u2014Results from 384 Chinese male workers","volume":"117","author":"Zou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, R., Biedenharn, K.R., Fedor, J.M., and Agarwal, A. (2013). Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: Taking control of your fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-11-66"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1556\/OH.2015.30104","article-title":"Relationships between psychological well-being, lifestyle factors and fertility","volume":"156","author":"Lakatos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Orv. Hetil."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasad, S., Tiwari, M., Pandey, A.N., Shrivastav, T.G., and Chaube, S.K. (2016). Impact of stress on oocyte quality and reproductive outcome. J. Biomed. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-016-0253-4"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230024","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-23-0024","article-title":"Role of oxidative stress in male infertility","volume":"4","author":"Takalani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(96)00313-5","article-title":"Role of reactive oxygen species in male infertility","volume":"48","author":"Sharma","year":"1996","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"4","article-title":"Sleep disturbances and semen quality in an Italian cross sectional study","volume":"27","author":"Chiaffarino","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic. Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2485-2","article-title":"Impaired sleep is associated with low testosterone in US adult males: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"37","author":"Patel","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14116","DOI":"10.1111\/and.14116","article-title":"Evaluation of the effect of shift working and sleep quality on semen parameters in men attending infertility clinic","volume":"53","author":"Demirkol","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1080\/07420528.2020.1727918","article-title":"Exposure by males to light emitted from media devices at night is linked with decline of sperm quality and correlated with sleep quality measures","volume":"37","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chronobiol. Int."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13815","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R117.001561","article-title":"Not Just Heads and Tails: The Complexity of the Sperm Epigenome","volume":"293","author":"Gold","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy017","article-title":"The contribution of human sperm proteins to the development and epigenome of the preimplantation embryo","volume":"24","author":"Castillo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Predieri, B., Iughetti, L., Bernasconi, S., and Street, M.E. (2022). Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals\u2019 Effects in Children: What We Know and What We Need to Learn?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911899"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-016-9337-4","article-title":"Environmental endocrine disruptors: Effects on the human male reproductive system","volume":"16","author":"Sweeney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2016-0012","article-title":"Organochlorine pesticides, their toxic effects on living organisms and their fate in the environment","volume":"9","author":"Jayaraj","year":"2016","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0272.1983.tb00132.x","article-title":"A four-year reassessment of workers with dichlorobromopropane-induced testicular dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Potashnik","year":"1983","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.1999.5.2.116","article-title":"Azoospermia and oligospermia among a large cohort of of DCBP applicators in 12 countries","volume":"5","author":"Slutsky","year":"1999","journal-title":"Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dvz013","DOI":"10.1093\/eep\/dvz013","article-title":"Epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of testis pathology and Sertoli cell epimutations: Generational origins of male infertility","volume":"5","author":"Klukovich","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Epigenetics"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuliani, A., Zuccarini, M., Cichelli, A., Khan, H., and Reale, M. (2020). Critical Review on the Presence of Phthalates in Food and Evidence of Their Biological Impact. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17165655"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00353","article-title":"Bisphenol A and male fertility: Myths and realities","volume":"11","author":"Castellini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jurewicz, J., Dziewirska, E., Radwan, M., and Hanke, W. (2018). Air pollution from natural and anthropic sources and male fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0430-2"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-15-0463","article-title":"Regulation of blood-testis barrier by actin binding proteins and protein kinases","volume":"151","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2013.10.001","article-title":"Human urinary phthalate metabolites level and main semen parameters, sperm chromatin structure, sperm aneuploidy and reproductive hormones","volume":"42","author":"Jurewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2015.10.022","article-title":"Review of endocrine disorders associated with environmental toxicants and possible involved mechanisms","volume":"145","author":"Maqbool","year":"2016","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2019.08.014","article-title":"Male exposure to bisphenol A (BPA) and semen quality in the Home Observation of Periconceptional Exposures (HOPE) cohort","volume":"90","author":"Pollard","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318799163","article-title":"Urinary Bisphenol A Levels and Male Fertility","volume":"12","author":"Radwan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Men\u2019s Health"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2022.113268","article-title":"Bisphenol F blocks Leydig cell maturation and steroidogenesis in pubertal male rats through suppressing androgen receptor signaling and activating G-protein coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1) signaling","volume":"167","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1603569","article-title":"Environmental Contaminants Affecting Fertility and Somatic Health","volume":"35","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Virant-Klun, I., Imamovic-Kumalic, S., and Pinter, B. (2022). From Oxidative Stress to Male Infertility: Review of the Associations of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (Bisphenols, Phthalates, and Parabens) with Human Semen Quality. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11081617"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111289","article-title":"Associations between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A and sperm DNA fragmentation in young men","volume":"199","author":"Adoamnei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12020-022-03136-2","article-title":"Temporal decline of sperm concentration: Role of endocrine disruptors","volume":"79","author":"Cannarella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Endocrine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cariati, F., D\u2019Uonno, N., Borrillo, F., Iervolino, S., Galdiero, G., and Tomaiuolo, R. (2019). Bisphenol a: An emerging threat to male fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0447-6"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2658","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dev225","article-title":"Phthalates might interfere with testicular function by reducing testosterone and insulin-like factor 3 levels","volume":"30","author":"Chang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692897","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.692897","article-title":"Overview of the mechanisms of action of selected bisphenols and perfluoroalkyl chemicals on the male reproductive axes","volume":"12","author":"Kempisty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C. (2006). Toxicology of Organophosphate & Carbamate Compounds, Elsevier Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/10934520801959815","article-title":"Alteration of sperm quality and hormone levels by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on airborne particulate particles","volume":"43","author":"Jeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health A Tox Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.12.089","article-title":"Decreased sperm motility is associated with air pollution in salt Lake City","volume":"93","author":"Hammoud","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010","article-title":"Alterations in sperm DNA methylation patterns at imprinted loci in two classes of infertility","volume":"94","author":"Hammoud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.3923\/pjbs.2014.118.121","article-title":"Thyroid stimulating hormone assay as the first line biochemical parameter to determine thyroid gland abnormalities","volume":"17","author":"Olooto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2012.12.009","article-title":"Signalling pathways regulating the blood-testis barrier","volume":"45","author":"Lie","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161892","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.161892","article-title":"Association between exposure to ambient air pollution and semen quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"870","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60151-4","article-title":"Exposure to environmental toxins in males seeking infertility treatment: A case-controlled study","volume":"16","author":"Mendiola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.00108887","article-title":"Semen quality and reproductive health of young Czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution","volume":"108","author":"Selevan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2015.10.044","article-title":"Association between air pollution and sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"208","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8232","article-title":"Exposure to environmental ozone alters semen quality","volume":"114","author":"Sokol","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dei122","article-title":"Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality","volume":"20","author":"Rubes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"125","article-title":"Air pollution and sperm aneuploidy in healthy young men","volume":"1","author":"Robbins","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ. Epidemiol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1021\/es00025a001","article-title":"Czechoslovakia: Examining a critically ill environment","volume":"26","author":"Moldan","year":"1992","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/03014460.2015.1013986","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution\u2014Does it affect semen quality and the level of reproductive hormones?","volume":"43","author":"Radwan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dutta, S., Sengupta, P., Bagchi, S., Chhikara, B.S., Pavl\u00edk, A., Sl\u00e1ma, P., and Roychoudhury, S. (2023). Reproductive toxicity of combined effects of endocrine disruptors on human reproduction. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2023.1162015"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.01.010","article-title":"Dietary patterns are positively associated with semen quality","volume":"109","author":"Efrat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2019.07.005","article-title":"Diet and sperm quality: Nutrients, foods and dietary patterns","volume":"19","author":"James","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1582-0","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"58","author":"Rosato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2021.01.017","article-title":"Effects of a lifestyle change intervention on semen quality in healthy young men living in highly polluted areas in Italy: The FASt randomized controlled trial","volume":"8","author":"Montano","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmx006","article-title":"Dietary patterns, foods and nutrients in male fertility parameters and fecundability: A systematicreview of observational studies","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-023-02992-9","article-title":"The role of the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in human ejaculated sperm damage under a state of scrotal heat stress","volume":"41","author":"Budzinska","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraczek, M., Lewandowska, A., Budzinska, M., Kamieniczna, M., Wojnar, L., Gill, K., Piasecka, M., Kups, M., Havrylyuk, A., and Chopyak, V. (2022). The Role of Seminal Oxidative Stress Scavenging System in the Pathogenesis of Sperm DNA Damage in Men Exposed and Not Exposed to Genital Heat Stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19052713"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2015.07.012","article-title":"Paternal Obesity Negatively Affects Male Fertility and Assisted Reproduction Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Campbell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2013.193","article-title":"Newborns of Obese Parents have Altered DNA Methylation Patterns at Imprinted Genes","volume":"39","author":"Soubry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.13589","article-title":"Obesity-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction negatively affect sperm quality","volume":"13","author":"Jing","year":"2023","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114250","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1114250","article-title":"Effects of paternal obesity on maternal-neonatal outcomes and long-term prognosis in adolescents","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826665","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.826665","article-title":"Effects of Paternal Obesity on Fetal Development and Pregnancy Complications: A Prospective Clinical Cohort Study","volume":"13","author":"Lin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12610-019-0090-x","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and smoking are independent risk factors of male idiopathic infertility","volume":"29","author":"Dupont","year":"2019","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Androl."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.12995","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and semen quality in adult population","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venigalla, G., Ila, V., Dornbush, J., Bernstein, A., Loloi, J., Pozzi, E., Miller, D., and Ramasamy, R. (2023). Male obesity: Associated effects on fertility and the outcomes of offspring. Andrology.","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13552"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-78787-5_15","article-title":"Kisspeptin and the genetic obesity interactome","volume":"1339","author":"Geronikolou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48619","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14950","article-title":"The impact of BMI on sperm parameters and the metabolite changes of seminal plasma concomitantly","volume":"8","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"96","article-title":"Protective effects of restricted diet and antioxidants on testis tissue in rats fed with high-fat diet","volume":"19","author":"Roushandeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.02.100","article-title":"Effect of paternal body mass index on neonatal outcomes of singletons after frozen-thawed embryo transfer cycles: Analysis of 7908 singleton newborns","volume":"113","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-8-24","article-title":"Does weight loss improve semen quality and reproductive hormones? Results from a cohort of severely obese men","volume":"8","author":"Thulstrup","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod. Health"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R123","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-17-0161","article-title":"Obesity, a serious etiologic factor for male subfertility in modern society","volume":"154","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.07.1248","article-title":"Acrosome reaction is impaired in spermatozoa of obese men: A preliminary study","volume":"102","author":"Samavat","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M110.007187","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.007187","article-title":"Identification of increased amounts of eppin protein complex components in sperm cells of diabetic and obese individuals by difference gel electrophoresis","volume":"10","author":"Paasch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.289","article-title":"Proteomic pattern changes associated with obesity-induced asthenozoospermia","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.16884","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: The role of adipose tissue and adipo-cytokines-induced chronic inflammation","volume":"7","author":"Divella","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R211","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00136.2016","article-title":"Sexually dimorphic myeloid inflammatory and metabolic responses to diet-induced obesity","volume":"311","author":"Griffin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2016.07.005","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: Inflammation bridges the two","volume":"29","author":"Kolb","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12420","article-title":"GLP-1receptor agonist exenatide attenuates the detrimental effects of obesity on inflammatory profile in testis and sperm quality in mice","volume":"74","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28012","DOI":"10.1038\/srep28012","article-title":"IL-6 mediates differentiation disorder during spermatogenesis in obesity-associated inflammation by affecting the expression of Zfp637 through the SOCS3\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.14310\/horm.2002.1649","article-title":"The impact of adipose tissue-derived factors on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis","volume":"14","author":"Tsatsanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2009.03.004","article-title":"Neonatal lipopolysaccharide exposure attenuates the homotypic stress-induced suppression of LH secretion in adulthood in male rat","volume":"27","author":"Iwasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4260","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04260","article-title":"Interleukin-6 disrupts blood-testis barrier through inhibiting protein degradation or activating phosphorylated ERK in Sertoli cells","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2016.02.003","article-title":"Interleukin 1alpha-induced disruption of the Sertoli cell cytoskeleton affects gap junctional communication","volume":"28","author":"Chojnacka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcdb.2016.06.018","article-title":"Regulation of the blood-testis barrier","volume":"59","author":"Stanton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.4103\/1008-682X.155255","article-title":"Epididymosomes: A heterogeneous population of microvesicles with multiple functions in sperm maturation and storage","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asian J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1017\/S096719942100037X","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone radiofrequency radiation on sperm quality","volume":"30","author":"Sciorio","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2014.04.015","article-title":"Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Adams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3109\/15368378.2013.869752","article-title":"Effect of long-term exposure of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on testes functions","volume":"34","author":"Dasdag","year":"2015","journal-title":"Electromagn. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022","article-title":"Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RFEMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: An in vitro pilot study","volume":"92","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111784","article-title":"Effects of mobile phone usage on sperm quality\u2014No time-dependent relationship on usage: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis","volume":"202","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.03.011","article-title":"Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: Influence of maternal restraint","volume":"326","author":"Othman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2016.3488","article-title":"Thermal response of tissue to RF exposure from canonical dipoles at frequencies for future mobile communication systems","volume":"53","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/S1472-6483(10)60338-0","article-title":"Cell phones and male infertility: Dissecting the relationship","volume":"15","author":"Deepinder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kesari, K.K., Agarwal, A.A., and Henkel, R. (2018). Radiations and male fertility. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0431-1"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.08.034","article-title":"Amelioration of heat stress-induced damage to testes and sperm quality","volume":"158","author":"Shahat","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)59640-X","article-title":"Role of temperature in regulation of spermatogenesis and the use of heating as a method for contraception","volume":"49","author":"Kandeel","year":"1988","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg412","article-title":"History of febrile illness and variation in semen quality","volume":"18","author":"Carlsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.Q., Rao, M., Hu, S.F., Ke, D.D., Zhu, C.H., and Xia, W. (2020). Effect of transient scrotal hyperthermia on human sperm: An iTRAQ-based proteomic analysis. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-020-00640-w"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.2741\/4787","article-title":"Biologic response of sperm and seminal plasma to transient testicular heating","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2020.10.002","article-title":"Acute mild heat stress alters gene expression in testes and reduces sperm quality in mice","volume":"158","author":"Rizzoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_146","first-page":"S92","article-title":"Effect of radiofrequency radiation on reproductive health","volume":"148","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-005-1097-5","article-title":"DNA damage to spermatozoa has impacts on fertilization and pregnancy","volume":"322","author":"Lewis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.2164\/jandrol.111.014373","article-title":"Effects of the exposure to mobile phones on male reproduction: A review of the literature","volume":"33","author":"Condorelli","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03253-8","article-title":"Oxidative stress and male infertility: Current knowledge of pathophysiology and role of antioxidant therapy in disease management","volume":"77","author":"Barati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1997.tb01896.x","article-title":"Heat stress causes testicular germ cell apoptosis in adult mice","volume":"18","author":"Yin","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Androl."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1109\/TBMEL.1962.4322972","article-title":"Effects of chronic microwave irradiation on mice","volume":"9","author":"Prausnitz","year":"1962","journal-title":"IRE Trans. Biomed. Electron."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-2927.2014.00205.x","article-title":"Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1002\/bem.10083","article-title":"Whole body exposure of rats to microwaves emitted from a cell phone does not affect the testes","volume":"24","author":"Dasdag","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioelectromagnetics"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1017\/S0967199419000522","article-title":"Embryo culture at a reduced oxygen concentration of 5%: A mini review","volume":"27","author":"Sciorio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zygote"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1541","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.13503","article-title":"Sperm DNA integrity: A special issue exploring the causes, consequences, and treatment of DNA damage in human spermatozoa","volume":"11","author":"Aitken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aitken, R.J., Drevet, J.R., Moazamian, A., and Gharagozloo, P. (2022). Male Infertility and Oxidative Stress: A Focus on the Underlying Mechanisms. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020306"},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F125","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-22-0189","article-title":"Oxidative stress and reproductive function: Sperm telomeres, oxidative stress, and infertility","volume":"164","author":"Moazamian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-018-1839-4","article-title":"Effect of varicocele repair on sperm DNA fragmentation: A review","volume":"50","author":"Roque","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/andr.12724","article-title":"An update on clinical and surgical interventions to reduce sperm DNA fragmentation in infertile men","volume":"8","author":"Esteves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Andrology"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dep214","article-title":"Cryopreservation-induced human sperm DNA damage is predominantly mediated by oxidative stress rather than apoptosis","volume":"24","author":"Thomson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-015-0454-x","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in human semen: Determination of a reference range","volume":"32","author":"Homa","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s12014-015-9094-5","article-title":"Comparative proteomic network signatures in seminal plasma of infertile men as a function of reactive oxygen species","volume":"12","author":"Agarwal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-89340-8_10","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Varicocele-Associated Male Infertility","volume":"1358","author":"Lai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribas-Maynou, J., and Benet, J. (2019). Single and doublestrand sperm DNA damage: Different reproductive effects on male fertility. Genes, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes10020105"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.08.109","article-title":"Physiologic and pathologic levels of reactive oxygen species in neat semen of infertile men","volume":"92","author":"Desai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13012","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13012","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species impact on sperm DNA and its role in male infertility","volume":"50","author":"Bui","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adrologia"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22871","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species as mediators of sperm capacitation and pathological damage","volume":"84","author":"Aitken","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.07.1086","article-title":"Altered ultrastructure of mitochondrial membranes is strongly associated with unexplained asthenozoospermia","volume":"95","author":"Pelliccione","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"2758","article-title":"The effect of radio-frequency radiation emitted from mobile phones on plasma oxidants and antioxidants in mobile phone users","volume":"4","author":"Awanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Diagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Iuliis, G.N., Newey, R.J., King, B.V., and Aitken, R.J. (2009). Mobile phone radiation induces reactive oxygen species production and DNA damage in human spermatozoa in vitro. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006446"},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"106","article-title":"Peroxiredoxins prevent oxidative stress during human sperm capacitation","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/2\/198\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:58:36Z","timestamp":1760104716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/2\/198"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]},"references-count":171,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14020198"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14020198","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,11]]}}}