{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:21:23Z","timestamp":1777490483701,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Although the reported frequency of diplopia is between 10 to 40% of patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) and other movement disorders, it remains one of the most undiagnosed non-motor symptoms. Furthermore, it has a major impact on the quality of life of these patients. The aim of this study is to systematically review the literature regarding the frequency, causes, and implications of diplopia in movement disorders. Methodology: An electronic search was conducted in March and June 2023 using the PubMed database in order to identify appropriate studies. Studies that were written in English, that represented observational, analytical studies, and case reports, and that provided information regarding diplopia in movement disorders were included in the systematic review. Results: A total of 686 articles were identified out of which 43 met the inclusion criteria. The studies included in the systematic review ranged from descriptive studies (case reports and case series) to analytical\u2013observational studies (cross-sectional studies, prospective and retrospective cohort studies, and case\u2013control studies). In Parkinson\u2019s disease, the incidence of diplopia ranged from 10 to 38%. In these patients, diplopia was linked to the presence of visual hallucinations and cognitive decline but also to convergence insufficiency and the presence of motor fluctuations. Cases of diplopia secondary to deep brain stimulation were also reported. Diplopia was associated with longer disease duration and worse motor and non-motor scores. Diplopia was also reported in other movement disorders such as multiple system atrophy (frequency as high as 18%) and progressive supranuclear palsy (frequency as high as 39%) and was associated with increased mortality and shorter duration in life span. Conclusions: Diplopia occurs in up to 38% of patients with movement disorders and has a negative impact on their health-related quality of life. Treating physicians should actively ask about diplopia and other ophthalmological symptoms, as many patients do not spontaneously report them. The pathophysiology of diplopia is complex, and it involves heterogeneous peripheral and central mechanisms. The management of these patients should involve a multidisciplinary team of health professionals in order to provide appropriate, tailored management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T08:13:44Z","timestamp":1709194424000},"page":"270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Diplopia in Movement Disorders: A Systematic Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Larisa","family":"Ungureanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, 500365 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Irincu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, 500365 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Diaconu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, 500365 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bianca","family":"Opri\u021boiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Ray","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, King\u2019s College, Denmark Hill Campus, King\u2019s College Hospital, London SE5 9RT, UK"},{"name":"Department Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, The Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, King\u2019s College London, Cutcombe Road, London SE5 9RT, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Falup-Pecurariu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, County Clinic Hospital, 500365 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Transilvania University, 500036 Bra\u0219ov, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000103444.45882.D8","article-title":"Ophthalmologic features of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"62","author":"Biousse","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21586","article-title":"Prevalence of nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson\u2019s disease in an international setting; study using nonmotor symptoms questionnaire in 545 patients","volume":"22","author":"Schapira","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mov. 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