{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:27:48Z","timestamp":1785806868548,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]],"date-time":"2024-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709164800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Female sex hormones have been hypothesized to influence the higher prevalence of gastroparesis in females. This study investigated the effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on gastroparesis and its related symptoms, medication use, and diagnostic testing in post-menopausal women. Utilizing the TriNetX platform, we conducted a population-based cohort study involving post-menopausal women aged 50 or older, with and without HRT. One-to-one propensity score matching was performed to adjust for age, race, ethnicity, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and hemoglobin A1c. The exclusion criteria included functional dyspepsia, cyclic vomiting syndrome, and surgical procedures. After applying the exclusion criteria, we identified 78,192 post-menopausal women prescribed HRT and 1,604,822 not prescribed HRT. Post-propensity matching, each cohort comprised 67,874 patients. A total of 210 of the post-menopausal women prescribed HRT developed an ICD encounter diagnosis of gastroparesis at least 30 days after being prescribed HRT compared to post-menopausal women not prescribed HRT (OR = 1.23, 95% CI [1.01\u20131.51] p-value = 0.0395). These associations persisted in sensitivity analysis over 5 years (OR = 1.65, 95% CI [1.13\u20132.41] p-value = 0.0086). HRT was associated with increased GI symptoms, including early satiety (OR = 1.22, 95% CI [1.03\u20131.45] p-value = 0.0187), domperidone use (OR = 2.40, 95% CI [1.14\u20135.02] p-value = 0.0163), and undergoing gastric emptying studies (OR = 1.67, 95% CI [1.39\u20132.01] p-value &lt; 0.0001). HRT is linked to an increased risk of developing an ICD encounter diagnosis of gastroparesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T06:07:53Z","timestamp":1709273273000},"page":"275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The Association between Hormone Replacement Therapy and Gastroparesis in Post-Menopausal Women: A Worldwide Database Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jacqueline","family":"Khalil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannah","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Population Health and Equity Research Institute, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kaelber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical Informatics, Research and Education, MetroHealth Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Pediatrics, and Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5551-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gengqing","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ali, M., Gonzalez, Z., and McCallum, R. 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