{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:13:19Z","timestamp":1782738799736,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Charles University","award":["260657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260657"]}]},{"name":"Cooperatio Program, research area NEUR","award":["260657"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["260657"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Minimally invasive oxygen\u2013ozone (O2-O3) therapy utilizing the biochemical effects of O2-O3 mixture is commonly used in the treatment of musculoskeletal pain. The literature dealing with O2-O3 therapy of spinal pain focuses mainly on the lumbosacral region. The aim of this review is to evaluate the efficacy of O2-O3 therapy in musculoskeletal pain in the neck region. The Medline (PubMed), SCOPUS, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases were searched for clinical studies, using the free text terms: ozone, neck, cervical, spine, pain, disc, hernia, nucleolysis, paravertebral, treatment, and various combinations of them. In total, seven studies (two randomized controlled trials and five observational studies) were found. These studies dealt with the intradiscal or intramuscular paravertebral application of O2-O3 mixture in patients with myofascial pain syndrome, cervical disc hernias, and chronic neck pain. All these studies proved a significant decrease in neck pain (evaluated by Visual Analog Scale or Numerical Rating Scale), and most of them showed improvement in functional status (measured by Oswestry Disability Index or Neck Disability Index). In addition, other pain assessment scales and function and quality of life measures (DN4 questionnaire, pain pressure threshold, cervical lateral flexion range of motion, Japanese Orthopedic Association scale, 12- and 36-Item Short Form Surveys, modified MacNab criteria, and analgesic drug intake reduction) were used. Changes in these measurements also mostly supported the efficacy of O2-O3 treatment. No significant complications of the treatment were reported. The available evidence is sparse, but despite this, the O2-O3 treatment of musculoskeletal neck pain can be considered potentially beneficial and relatively safe.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14030326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T04:34:46Z","timestamp":1710995686000},"page":"326","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Oxygen\u2013Ozone Therapy of Musculoskeletal Neck Pain: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6700-823X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiri","family":"Jandura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0064-8814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milan","family":"Vajda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Cech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7793-0375","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel","family":"Ryska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2011.03.008","article-title":"The anatomy and pathophysiology of neck pain","volume":"22","author":"Bogduk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. 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