{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T19:21:35Z","timestamp":1790364095624,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis is a common inflammatory condition, with subtypes like aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease, allergic fungal rhinosinusitis, and central compartment atopic disease sharing a common type 2 inflammatory pathway. Respiratory biologic therapies have been developed that target type 2 inflammation. In this article, we discuss the use of respiratory biologic therapies for nasal polyposis in general, as well as within the various subtypes of nasal polyps. Further, we discuss future roles of novel biologic therapies targeting type 2 inflammation in nasal polyposis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]],"date-time":"2024-04-19T06:28:09Z","timestamp":1713508089000},"page":"432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Biologic Therapies across Nasal Polyp Subtypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kody G.","family":"Bolk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah K.","family":"Wise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Emory University Hospital Midtown, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2020.09.063","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma","volume":"9","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894041130S502","article-title":"Epidemiology and Economic Impact of Rhinosinusitis","volume":"113","author":"Anand","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2016.30.4297","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis: Epidemiology and burden of disease","volume":"30","author":"DeConde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31881-1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (LIBERTY NP SINUS-24 and LIBERTY NP SINUS-52): Results from two multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group phase 3 trials","volume":"394","author":"Bachert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet (Br. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.iac.2019.12.010","article-title":"The Role of Allergic Rhinitis in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"40","author":"Helman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Allergy Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22741","article-title":"International consensus statement on allergy and rhinology: Rhinosinusitis 2021","volume":"11","author":"Orlandi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998221082554","article-title":"A Prospective Analysis of Systemic and Local Aeroallergen Sensitivity in Central Compartment Atopic Disease","volume":"167","author":"Edwards","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22454","article-title":"Central compartment atopic disease: Prevalence of allergy and asthma compared with other subtypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"10","author":"Marcus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13455","article-title":"Understanding and clinical relevance of chronic rhinosinusitis endotypes","volume":"44","author":"Husain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1097\/MOO.0000000000000503","article-title":"Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis","volume":"27","author":"Yip","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2023.02.018","article-title":"Update on Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis","volume":"131","author":"Chua","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.08.021","article-title":"Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis: The Role and Expectations of Biologics","volume":"10","author":"Luong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.06.019","article-title":"Immunology-based recommendations for available and upcoming biologics in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"148","author":"Buchheit","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.02.035","article-title":"IL-5R\u03b1 marks nasal polyp IgG4- and IgE-expressing cells in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"145","author":"Buchheit","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E61","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27564","article-title":"Dexpramipexole depletes blood and tissue eosinophils in nasal polyps with no change in polyp size","volume":"129","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.12701\/yujm.2020.00647","article-title":"Biological treatments for severe asthma","volume":"37","author":"Jin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Yeungnam Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1062","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200701-085OC","article-title":"A Study to Evaluate Safety and Efficacy of Mepolizumab in Patients with Moderate Persistent Asthma","volume":"176","author":"Swenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15056","article-title":"From DREAM to REALITI-A and beyond: Mepolizumab for the treatment of eosinophil-driven diseases","volume":"77","author":"Pavord","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1907341","article-title":"The emerging role of dupilumab in dermatological indications","volume":"21","author":"Napolitano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000002206","article-title":"Strategies for the Use of Dupilumab in Eosinophilic Esophagitis","volume":"118","author":"Sauer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"194","article-title":"EPOS\/EUFOREA update on indication and evaluation of Biologics in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps 2023","volume":"61","author":"Fokkens","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.14051","article-title":"Responder analysis to demonstrate the effect of targeting type 2 inflammatory mechanisms with dupilumab across objective and patient-reported endpoints for patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in the SINUS-24 and SINUS-52 studies","volume":"52","author":"Bachert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23249","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 inflammatory signatures and efficacy of dupilumab in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from two phase 3 clinical trials: SINUS-24 and SINUS-52","volume":"14","author":"Bachert","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14906","article-title":"Dupilumab efficacy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from SINUS-52 is unaffected by eosinophilic status","volume":"77","author":"Fujieda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2012.07.047","article-title":"Omalizumab is effective in allergic and nonallergic patients with nasal polyps and asthma","volume":"131","author":"Gevaert","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5483","DOI":"10.2147\/DDDT.S226575","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Targeting IgE with Anti-IgE Omalizumab Therapy","volume":"14","author":"Kariyawasam","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Des. Dev. Ther."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.05.032","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in nasal polyposis: 2 randomized phase 3 trials","volume":"146","author":"Gevaert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00097-7","article-title":"Mepolizumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (SYNAPSE): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"9","author":"Han","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23219","article-title":"Sustained efficacy of mepolizumab in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: SYNAPSE 24-week treatment-free follow-up","volume":"14","author":"Desrosiers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2017.05.044","article-title":"Reduced need for surgery in severe nasal polyposis with mepolizumab: Randomized trial","volume":"140","author":"Bachert","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.05.031","article-title":"Nasal IL-5 levels determine the response to anti\u2013IL-5 treatment in patients with nasal polyps","volume":"118","author":"Gevaert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15772","article-title":"Dupilumab in the treatment of severe uncontrolled chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP): A multicentric observational Phase IV real-life study (DUPIREAL)","volume":"78","author":"Pasquini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1770","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29230","article-title":"The Effect of Dupilumab on Intractable Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in Japan","volume":"131","author":"Fujieda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2023.104106","article-title":"Dupilumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Real life data in a multicentric Sicilian experience","volume":"45","author":"Galletti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"203","article-title":"Dupilumab for chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Real-life retrospective 12-month effectiveness data","volume":"61","author":"Boscke","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.337","article-title":"Dupilumab Effectivity in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma in Real-Life Conditions","volume":"153","author":"Eusebio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1741","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07679-y","article-title":"Dupilumab (Dupixent\u00ae) tends to be an effective therapy for uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Real data of a single-centered, retrospective single-arm longitudinal study from a university hospital in Germany","volume":"280","author":"Jansen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-023-00782-7","article-title":"Clinical outcomes of dupilumab therapy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps in a Canadian tertiary care rhinology practice","volume":"19","author":"Grose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.11.675","article-title":"Real-Life Effectiveness of Mepolizumab in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"153","author":"Eusebio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-022-08938-w","article-title":"Real-Life Effectiveness of Benralizumab, Mepolizumab and Omalizumab in Severe Allergic Asthma Associated with Nasal Polyps","volume":"64","author":"Tiotiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gallo, S., Castelnuovo, P., Spirito, L., Feduzi, M., Seccia, V., Visca, D., Spanevello, A., Statuti, E., Latorre, M., and Montuori, C. (2022). Mepolizumab Improves Outcomes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps in Severe Asthmatic Patients: A Multicentric Real-Life Study. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081304"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17534666211009398","DOI":"10.1177\/17534666211009398","article-title":"Mepolizumab improves sino-nasal symptoms and asthma control in severe eosinophilic asthma patients with chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps: A 12-month real-life study","volume":"15","author":"Detoraki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AB15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.12.054","article-title":"Real World Benefits of Mepolizumab in Patients with Severe Asthma and Comorbid Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP): Post Hoc Analysis of REALITI-A","volume":"151","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100702","article-title":"Clinical effectiveness and potential predictability of omalizumab in patients with difficult-to-treat chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and asthma based on the noninvasive markers\u2014A real-life prospective study","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420972326","article-title":"Effects of Omalizumab Treatment in Patients with Recalcitrant Nasal Polyposis and Mild Asthma: A Multicenter Retrospective Study","volume":"35","author":"Miguel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Swisher, A.R., Kshirsagar, R.S., Vu, P.Q., and Liang, J. (2023). Ocular Surface Adverse Events are not Associated with Dupilumab use in Nasal Polyp Treatment. Laryngoscope, Online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.31205"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2307","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29992","article-title":"Dupilumab Adverse Events in Nasal Polyp Treatment: Analysis of FDA Adverse Event Reporting System","volume":"132","author":"Swisher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galletti, C., Barbieri, M.A., Ciodaro, F., Freni, F., Galletti, F., Spina, E., and Galletti, B. (2023). Effectiveness and Safety Profile of Dupilumab in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Real-Life Data in Tertiary Care. Pharmaceuticals, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040630"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14809","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of treatment with biologicals for severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A systematic review for the EAACI guidelines","volume":"76","author":"Agache","year":"2021","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e047344","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-047344","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of omalizumab in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"11","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100721","article-title":"Omalizumab and cancer risk: Current evidence in allergic asthma, chronic urticaria, and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"15","author":"Bagnasco","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.11.006","article-title":"Long-term efficacy of dupilumab in asthma with or without chronic rhinosinusitis and nasal polyps","volume":"130","author":"Berger","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15796","article-title":"Two-year results of tapered dupilumab for CRSwNP demonstrates enduring efficacy established in the first 6 months","volume":"78","author":"Otten","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924231204128","article-title":"Long-Term Efficacy of Dupilumab for Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"38","author":"Tsunemi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2021.07.045","article-title":"Long-term efficacy and safety of omalizumab for nasal polyposis in an open-label extension study","volume":"149","author":"Gevaert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2011.3.1.3","article-title":"Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: Evaluation and management","volume":"3","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1097\/ACI.0000000000000021","article-title":"An update on the pathogenesis of the upper airways in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"14","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2022.08.021","article-title":"Updates on immune mechanisms in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"151","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.5114\/fmpcr.2022.120862","article-title":"Samter\u2019s Triad: Pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnosis, comparison of biological and surgical treatment and the role of aspirin desensitisation","volume":"24","author":"Piotrowski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.21826","article-title":"Contemporary management of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: An evidence-based review with recommendations","volume":"6","author":"Levy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.4168\/aair.2016.8.4.298","article-title":"Update on the Management of Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease","volume":"8","author":"Buchheit","year":"2016","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15074","article-title":"Endotypes of chronic rhinosinusitis: Relationships to disease phenotypes, pathogenesis, clinical findings, and treatment approaches","volume":"77","author":"Kato","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.03.044","article-title":"Dupilumab improves nasal polyp burden and asthma control in patients with CRSwNP and AERD","volume":"7","author":"Laidlaw","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15067","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of dupilumab in patients with uncontrolled severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and a clinical diagnosis of NSAID-ERD: Results from two randomized placebo-controlled phase 3 trials","volume":"77","author":"Mullol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.09.034","article-title":"Omalizumab reduces cysteinyl leukotriene and 9\u03b1,11\u03b2-prostaglandin F2 overproduction in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease","volume":"137","author":"Hayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2022.01.043","article-title":"Aspirin desensitization and biologics in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: Efficacy, tolerability, and patient experience","volume":"128","author":"Mullur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1177\/019459989411100508","article-title":"Diagnosis of allergic fungal sinusitis","volume":"111","author":"Bent","year":"1994","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-6749(95)70029-3","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for allergic fungal sinusitis","volume":"96","author":"Swain","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"1455613231167247","article-title":"Consideration of the Clinical Diagnosis of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis: A Single-Center Retrospective Study","volume":"78","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2016.03.010","article-title":"Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis","volume":"4","author":"Hoyt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"31","article-title":"Immunotherapy in the treatment of allergic fungal sinusitis","volume":"116","author":"Mabry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(97)70128-1","article-title":"Immunotherapy for allergic fungal sinusitis: The second year","volume":"117","author":"Mabry","year":"1997","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(98)70027-0","article-title":"Immunotherapy for allergic fungal sinusitis: Three years\u2019 experience","volume":"119","author":"Mabry","year":"1998","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(00)70153-7","article-title":"Outcomes after discontinuing immunotherapy for allergic fungal sinusitis","volume":"122","author":"Mabry","year":"2000","journal-title":"Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.2500\/ar.2013.4.0045","article-title":"Immunotherapy in allergic fungal sinusitis: The controversy continues. A recent review of literature","volume":"4","author":"Doellman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijscr.2021.106479","article-title":"A case report of allergic fungal rhinosinusitis managed with Dupilumab","volume":"88","author":"Alotaibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2022.100638","article-title":"Dupilumab: An emerging therapy in allergic fungal rhinosinusitis","volume":"15","author":"Bulkhi","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1177\/1945892420951486","article-title":"Subcutaneous Mepolizumab Injection: An Adjunctive Treatment for Recalcitrant Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis Patients With Asthma","volume":"35","author":"Karp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-019-05650-y","article-title":"Omalizumab versus intranasal steroids in the post-operative management of patients with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis","volume":"277","author":"Mostafa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjoto.2015.05.008","article-title":"Omalizumab therapy for refractory allergic fungal rhinosinusitis patients with moderate or severe asthma","volume":"36","author":"Gan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"Emory University (2024, March 21). Add-On Dupilumab for AFRS as Postoperative Therapy (ADAPT), Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT05545072."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2024, March 21). Dupilumab in Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis (AFRS) (LIBERTY-AFRS-AI), Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT04684524."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22663","article-title":"Central compartment atopic disease: The missing link in the allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps saga","volume":"10","author":"DelGaudio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22367","article-title":"Central compartment involvement in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease: The role of allergy and previous sinus surgery","volume":"9","author":"DelGaudio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561321997546","article-title":"Predictive Value of Radiologic Central Compartment Atopic Disease for Identifying Allergy and Asthma in Pediatric Patients","volume":"101","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22819","article-title":"Central compartment atopic disease: Outcomes compared with other subtypes of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"11","author":"Steehler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23207","article-title":"Inflammatory characteristics of central compartment atopic disease","volume":"13","author":"Rubel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_89","first-page":"151","article-title":"State-of-the-art overview on biological treatment for CRSwNP","volume":"59","author":"Hellings","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.23234","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) treated with omalizumab, dupilumab, or mepolizumab: A systematic review of the current knowledge towards an attempt to compare agents\u2019 efficacy","volume":"14","author":"Papacharalampous","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals (2024, March 21). EValuating trEatment RESponses of Dupilumab Versus Omalizumab in Type 2 Patients, Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT04998604."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1177\/19458924221112211","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab Versus Omalizumab in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Asthma: EVEREST Trial Design","volume":"36","author":"Khan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"e47798","article-title":"Successful Treatment of Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Secretory Otitis Media in Refractory Asthma with Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) Receptor Monoclonal Antibody","volume":"15","author":"Kawashima","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cur\u0113us"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034975","article-title":"Tezepelumab in Adults and Adolescents with Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma","volume":"384","author":"Corren","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"AstraZeneca, and Amgen (2024, March 21). Efficacy and Safety of Tezepelumab in Participants with Severe Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis, Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT04851964."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"GlaxoSmithKline (2024, March 21). Efficacy and Safety of Depemokimab (GSK3511294) in Participants with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps, Available online: https:\/\/classic.clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT05274750."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/4\/432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:30:46Z","timestamp":1760106646000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/4\/432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14040432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14040432","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,19]]}}}