{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T21:41:41Z","timestamp":1784324501020,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]],"date-time":"2024-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Orthostatic intolerance is a broad term that represents a spectrum of dysautonomic disorders, including postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS) and orthostatic hypotension (OH), as manifestations of severe autonomic failure. While the etiology of orthostatic intolerance has not yet fully been uncovered, it has been associated with multiple underlying pathological processes, including peripheral neuropathy, altered renin\u2013aldosterone levels, hypovolemia, and autoimmune processes. Studies have implicated adrenergic, cholinergic, and angiotensin II type I autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of orthostatic intolerance. Several case series have demonstrated that immunomodulation therapy resulted in favorable outcomes, improving autonomic symptoms in POTS and OH. In this review, we highlight the contemporary literature detailing the association of autoimmunity with POTS and OH.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14040435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,22]],"date-time":"2024-04-22T07:44:09Z","timestamp":1713771849000},"page":"435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Autoimmunity in Syndromes of Orthostatic Intolerance: An Updated Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6964-1278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clarissa","family":"Pena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelmoniem","family":"Moustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdel-Rhman","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3308-2156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blair","family":"Grubb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2012-2610","article-title":"Common syndromes of orthostatic intolerance","volume":"131","author":"Stewart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1080\/14017431.2017.1355068","article-title":"The role of autoantibodies in the syndromes of orthostatic intolerance: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Ruzieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Scand. 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