{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T18:25:13Z","timestamp":1787509513104,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716854400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Hallym University Research Fund","award":["HURF-2021-39"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HURF-2021-39"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as a promising non-invasive intervention for tinnitus by aiming to modulate abnormal brain activity. This study investigated the efficacy of dual-session tDCS for the relief of perception, distress, and loudness in patients with severe chronic subjective tinnitus and assessed the duration of tinnitus suppression effects compared to single-session and control groups over a 2-month follow-up. In a prospective, randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 30 participants with severe chronic subjective tinnitus underwent bifrontal tDCS. The control group (n = 9), single-session group (n = 10), and dual-session group (n = 11) received 2 mA stimulation for 20 min per session, twice a week for one month. The treatment response was monitored weekly using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), with additional assessments using the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) at the fourth and eighth weeks. The single- and dual-session groups showed statistically significant improvements in VAS, THI, and BDI scores compared to the control group. THI and BDI scores showed a significant difference between the single- and dual-session groups. The dual-session group demonstrated a more sustained tinnitus suppression effect than the single-session group. tDCS has been validated as an effective intervention for the suppression of tinnitus, with the dual-session protocol showing longer-term benefits. These findings support the potential of tDCS as a treatment for tinnitus, particularly in dual-session applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060577","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]],"date-time":"2024-05-28T03:48:49Z","timestamp":1716868129000},"page":"577","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Consecutive Dual-Session Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Chronic Subjective Severe to Catastrophic Tinnitus with Normal Hearing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sung Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji Hye","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeso","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seok Min","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0207-8410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6317-9525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sung Kyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon 24253, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"},{"name":"Laboratory of Brain & Cognitive Sciences for Convergence Medicine, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang 14068, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.03.002","article-title":"Tinnitus: An Epidemiologic Perspective","volume":"53","author":"Henry","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, M., Kang, S.H., Nari, F., Park, E.C., and Jang, S.I. (2021). Association between tinnitus and depressive symptoms in the South Korean population. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261257"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcac089","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcac089","article-title":"Tinnitus: At a crossroad between phantom perception and sleep","volume":"4","author":"Milinski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.2174\/1389450120666190319162147","article-title":"Molecular Aspects of Melatonin Treatment in Tinnitus: A Review","volume":"20","author":"Hosseinzadeh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001463","article-title":"Cortical Auditory Evoked Potential Indices of Impaired Sensory Gating in People With Chronic Tinnitus","volume":"45","author":"Morse","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2019.00802","article-title":"Why Is There No Cure for Tinnitus?","volume":"13","author":"McFerran","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.008","article-title":"Mechanisms of Noise-Induced Tinnitus: Insights from Cellular Studies","volume":"103","author":"Shore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2331216519835080","DOI":"10.1177\/2331216519835080","article-title":"Alleviation of Tinnitus With High-Frequency Stimulation of the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus: A Rodent Study","volume":"23","author":"Jahanshahi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Hear."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malfatti, T., Ciralli, B., Hilscher, M.M., Leao, R.N., and Leao, K.E. (2022). Decreasing dorsal cochlear nucleus activity ameliorates noise-induced tinnitus perception in mice. BMC Biol., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-022-01288-1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785603","DOI":"10.3389\/fncir.2021.785603","article-title":"Disturbed Balance of Inhibitory Signaling Links Hearing Loss and Cognition","volume":"15","author":"Knipper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neural Circuits"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2020.1757117","article-title":"Anxiety sensitivities, anxiety and depression levels, and personality traits of patients with chronic subjective tinnitus: A case-control study","volume":"24","author":"Karaaslan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2020.1822550","article-title":"The impact of tinnitus on working memory capacity","volume":"60","author":"Waechter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720003670","article-title":"Efficacy of non-invasive brain stimulation on cognitive functioning in brain disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"50","author":"Begemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20111","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77111-0","article-title":"Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the auditory cortex modulates GABA and glutamate: A 7 T MR-spectroscopy study","volume":"10","author":"Heimrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2023.11.021","article-title":"Focal tDCS of auditory cortex in chronic tinnitus: A randomized controlled mechanistic trial","volume":"158","author":"Leaver","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4222","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac263","article-title":"Dual-site transcranial direct current stimulation to treat tinnitus: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"145","author":"Cardon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2021.147722","article-title":"Initial performance modulates the effects of cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on inhibitory control","volume":"1774","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00338.2019","article-title":"High-definition tDCS to the right temporoparietal junction modulates slow-wave resting state power and coherence in healthy adults","volume":"122","author":"Donaldson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969800","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.969800","article-title":"Long-term effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in the treatment of chronic tinnitus: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Mares","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.671","article-title":"Neuromodulation for Treatment of Tinnitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"170","author":"Heiland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head. Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2021_219","article-title":"Tinnitus and Brain Stimulation","volume":"51","author":"Adhia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1709-4912","article-title":"Perception of Tinnitus: Direct and Indirect Effects of Resilience, Personality Traits, and Psychiatric Symptoms","volume":"33","author":"Martins","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.otc.2020.03.005","article-title":"Perception of, and Reaction to, Tinnitus: The Depression Factor","volume":"53","author":"Husain","year":"2020","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.08.004","article-title":"Impact of personality on acoustic tinnitus suppression and emotional reaction to stimuli sounds","volume":"260","author":"Hafner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30238","article-title":"Anxiety, Depression, and Symptom Severity in Patients with Pulsatile and Non-Pulsatile Tinnitus","volume":"133","author":"Williams","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2020.05.002","article-title":"Impact of tDCS and HD-tDCS on tinnitus perception: A scoping review","volume":"262","author":"Schaette","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/6\/577\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:49:11Z","timestamp":1760107751000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/6\/577"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14060577"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14060577","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,28]]}}}