{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:36:55Z","timestamp":1791459415238,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Otsuka Canada Pharmaceutical Inc. (OCPI)","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]},{"name":"Fondation J.-Louis L\u00e9vesque","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]},{"name":"Fondation Pinel","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]},{"name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]},{"name":"Fondation Pinel","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]},{"name":"the Fonds de recherche du Qu\u00e9bec\u2014Sant\u00e9 (FRQS)","award":["PJT-159540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PJT-159540"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Avatar therapy (AT) is a novel virtual reality-based psychotherapy that has been developed to treat auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) in treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Various psychotherapeutic components, such as emotions and sense of presence, could contribute to clinical outcomes. However, the interplay between sense of presence, emotions, and clinical response has seldom been investigated. This study aimed to explore the relations between sense of presence, emotions, and clinical outcomes in AT. To conduct this investigation, data from previous and ongoing AT trials were used. Sense of presence and emotions were assessed using standardized questionnaires. AVH were evaluated using the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales. While sense of presence was positively associated with positive emotions such as control and serenity, no significant associations were found for negative emotions. Moreover, a higher level of sense of presence was associated with a bigger decrease in AVH. Overall, positive emotions seem to be associated with sense of presence in AT. Sense of presence also seems to be involved in the therapeutic outcome, thereby suggesting that this could be an important component related to clinical response. More studies are needed to confirm these trends, which could be generalized to other virtual reality-based psychotherapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14060614","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:08:43Z","timestamp":1718014123000},"page":"614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The Relationship between Sense of Presence, Emotional Response, and Clinical Outcomes in Virtual Reality-Based Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: An Exploratory Correlational Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9817-8065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elischa","family":"Augustin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University Institute in Mental Health of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00e9lissa","family":"Beaudoin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University Institute in Mental Health of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Gigu\u00e8re","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University Institute in Mental Health of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"School of Social Work, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hind","family":"Ziady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University Institute in Mental Health of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kingsada","family":"Phraxayavong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Services et Recherches Psychiatriques AD, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4480-0064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandre","family":"Dumais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center of the University Institute in Mental Health of Montreal, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada"},{"name":"Services et Recherches Psychiatriques AD, Montreal, QC H1N 3V2, Canada"},{"name":"Institut National de Psychiatrie L\u00e9gale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC H1C 1H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia\u2014An Overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sby058","article-title":"Global Epidemiology and Burden of Schizophrenia: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"44","author":"Charlson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. 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