{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T03:50:57Z","timestamp":1782791457859,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: This study aims to evaluate retinal perfusion by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) without diabetic retinopathy (DR). (2) Methods: Thirty-one patients affected by T1D were enrolled. All participants were evaluated using OCTA. The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) and superficial and deep macular vessel density (VD) were analyzed. The correlation of these parameters with metabolic factors such as body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and the type of insulin therapy (multiple daily injections, MDI vs. continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, CSII) was determined. (3) Results: None of the OCTA parameters were significantly different between the groups. The patients\u2019 HbA1C level did not influence any of the OCTA parameters. The use of MDI tended to reduce the parafoveal and perifoveal deep VD (p = 0.048 and p = 0.021, respectively) compared to CSII. An elevated BMI tended to increase the deep macular (p = 0.005) and perifoveal VD (p = 0.006). (4) Conclusion: VD and FAZ are normal in pubescent children with T1D without signs of DR. Treatment with CSII may be a better choice compared to MDI, as CSII may be protective against retinal microvascular damage. Our results indicate the need for new clinical parameters of glycemic control in addition to HbA1c which could assess the risk of DR.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14070696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T06:51:53Z","timestamp":1719557513000},"page":"696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Retinal Perfusion Analysis of Children with Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4806-0497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jelena","family":"Vasilijevic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Kovacevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4838-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snezana","family":"Polovina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Endocrinology, University Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7963-5241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Dacic-Krnjaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4321-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tanja","family":"Kalezic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Clinic for Eye Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5464-3234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suzana","family":"Miletic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Clinical Centre of Kosovska Mitrovica, 38220 Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6078-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leila","family":"Al Barri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Stanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, \u201cCarol Davila\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Ferrari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre d\u2019Ophtalmologie FUTURA, 67300 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5920-249X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maja","family":"Jesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University Children\u2019s Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wysocka-Mincewicz, M., Go\u0142\u0119biewska, J., Olechowski, A., and Szalecki, M. 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