{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T13:48:29Z","timestamp":1774273709213,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721692800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has significantly impacted various organ systems, including the eyes. Initially considered a primarily respiratory disease, it is now evident that COVID-19 can induce a range of ocular symptoms. Recognizing these ocular manifestations is crucial for eye care practitioners as they can serve as early indicators of the disease. This review consolidates current evidence on the ocular effects of COVID-19, identifying manifestations such as conjunctivitis, scleritis, uveitis, and retinopathy. The increasing prevalence of these symptoms highlights the importance of thorough eye examinations and detailed patient histories in COVID-19 cases. Potential routes of viral entry into ocular tissues and the underlying mechanisms, including direct infection, immune responses, and vascular involvement, are explored. Additionally, this review addresses ocular side effects associated with COVID-19 vaccines, such as corneal graft rejection, uveitis, and retinal issues. These findings emphasize the need for ongoing surveillance and research to ensure vaccine safety.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14080780","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,23]],"date-time":"2024-07-23T14:26:50Z","timestamp":1721744810000},"page":"780","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ocular Implications of COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine-Related Adverse Events"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Uday Pratap Singh","family":"Parmar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh 160047, India"},{"name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7721-4694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pier 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Nigeria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2993-8580","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Scarabosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University Hospital of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Surico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine and Surgery Department, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70126 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5556-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7938-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"D\u2019Esposito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imperial College Ophthalmic Research Group (ICORG) Unit, Imperial College, 153-173 Marylebone Rd., London NW1 5QH, UK"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive Sciences and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Longo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Piazza Universit\u00e0, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Catania, Piazza Universit\u00e0, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8424-0068","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Gagliano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Enna \u201cKore\u201d, Piazza dell\u2019Universit\u00e0, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Eye Clinic Catania University San Marco Hospital, Viale Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, 95121 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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