{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:18:24Z","timestamp":1760145504501,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]],"date-time":"2024-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timisoara, Romania"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Schizophrenia is one of the most disabling of the psychiatric diseases. The Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale Extended (BRSE) is used to evaluate the severity of psychiatric symptoms. Long-acting injectable (LAI) antipsychotics are commonly used and are preferred over oral antipsychotic medications. A two-center-based cross-sectional study was performed on 130 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder based on the International Classification of Diseases 10 criteria. We studied the relation between the development of cardiovascular risk factors and the antipsychotic medication that was administered in these patients. Our study demonstrates strong links between several cardiovascular risk factors and the duration of psychosis; the duration of the LAI antipsychotic treatment; the duration between the onset of the disease and the start of LAI antipsychotic treatment; and the use of specific LAI antipsychotic medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14080814","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T12:38:20Z","timestamp":1722515900000},"page":"814","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Schizophrenia and Heart Health: Are Antipsychotics a Friend or Foe?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Minodora","family":"Andor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Semiology II, Internal Medicine I Department, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Heart Research Centre, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Dehelean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Neurosciences Department, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-5718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Aurora","family":"Arn\u0103utu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Semiology II, Internal Medicine I Department, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"},{"name":"Multidisciplinary Heart Research Centre, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6288-3695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marioara Nicula","family":"Neagu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Physiology, Faculty of Bioengineering of Animal Resources, University of Life Sciences \u201cKing Mihai I\u201d, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daciana","family":"Nistor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Sciences, Physiology, Center of Immuno-Physiology and Biotechnologies (CIFBIOTEH), \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Gene and Cellular Therapies in Cancer, 3000723 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Minodora Marinela","family":"Manea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology, Medical Education Department, \u201cIuliu Ha\u0163ieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, V. Babe\u015f Street, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana-Maria","family":"Romosan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry, Neurosciences Department, \u201cVictor Babe\u015f\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 2 E. Murgu Square, 300041 Timi\u015foara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2824-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nilima Rajpal","family":"Kundnani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Internal Medicine and Ambulatory Care, Prevention and Cardiovascular Recovery, Department VI\u2014Cardiology, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Research Centre of Timisoara Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360","article-title":"Schizophrenia-An Overview","volume":"77","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxn001","article-title":"Schizophrenia: A concise overview of incidence, prevalence, and mortality","volume":"30","author":"McGrath","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.67","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9720","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59905-8","article-title":"The burden of schizophrenia in the Middle East and North Africa region, 1990\u20132019","volume":"14","author":"Safiri","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bajraktarov, S., Blazhevska Stoilkovska, B., Russo, M., Repi\u0161ti, S., Maric, N.P., Dzubur Kulenovic, A., Ar\u00ebnliu, A., Stevovic, L.I., Novotni, L., and Ribic, E. (2023). Factor structure of the brief psychiatric rating scale-expanded among outpatients with psychotic disorders in five Southeast European countries: Evidence for five factors. Front. Psychiatry, 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1207577"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.0015","article-title":"Association Between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Cognitive Impairment in People With Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"78","author":"Hagi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2022.10.270","article-title":"An update on recently approved long-acting injectable second-generation antipsychotics: Knowns and unknowns regarding their use","volume":"12","author":"VandenBerg","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ment. Health Clin."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00779-5","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics for Schizophrenia: An Overview","volume":"35","author":"Correll","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e31829829c4","article-title":"Clinicians\u2019 attitudes toward the use of long-acting injectable antipsychotics","volume":"201","author":"Samalin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2016.07.018","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of long-acting injectable versus oral antipsychotics: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies comparing the same antipsychotics","volume":"176","author":"Misawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1177\/2045125318782694","article-title":"Real-world effectiveness of long-acting antipsychotic treatments in a nationwide cohort of 3957 patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder and other diagnoses in Quebec","volume":"8","author":"Stip","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0897-1897(95)80279-7","article-title":"Administration of medications via the intramuscular route: An integrative review of the literature and research-based protocol for the procedure","volume":"8","author":"Beyea","year":"1995","journal-title":"Appl. Nurs. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S36","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1525638","article-title":"Reducing the stigma of long acting injectable antipsychotics\u2014Current concepts and future developments","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nord. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0b013e3181f14098","article-title":"Incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms and tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: Thirty-six-month results from the European schizophrenia outpatient health outcomes study","volume":"30","author":"Novick","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.195.52.s63","article-title":"Clinical guideline recommendations for antipsychotic long-acting injections","volume":"52","author":"Kane","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"LU21112AH2","article-title":"Patient Functioning, Life Engagement, and Treatment Goals in Schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Correll","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-00463-7","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in patients with severe mental illness","volume":"18","author":"Nielsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e025621","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.025621","article-title":"Interaction Between Race, Ethnicity, Severe Mental Illness, and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"11","author":"Teo","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20994","article-title":"Mortality in people with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of relative risk and aggravating or attenuating factors","volume":"21","author":"Correll","year":"2022","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"B5321","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: A nationwide cohort study among the young","volume":"63","author":"Risgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dan. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13017","article-title":"Undiagnosed cardiovascular disease prior to cardiovascular death in individuals with severe mental illness","volume":"139","author":"Heiberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-018-01998-8","article-title":"Coronary artery CT calcium score assessed by direct calcium quantification using atomic absorption spectroscopy and compared to macroscopic and histological assessments","volume":"133","author":"Gheorghe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Leg. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008236","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCIMAGING.118.008236","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcification and Mortality Risk in Patients With Severe Mental Illness","volume":"12","author":"Kugathasan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718762097","article-title":"Social Determinants of Health and Preclinical Glycemic Control in Newly Diagnosed First-Episode Psychosis Patients","volume":"63","author":"Rho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.12.019","article-title":"Socioeconomic deprivation and blood lipids in first-episode psychosis patients with minimal antipsychotic exposure: Implications for cardiovascular risk","volume":"216","author":"Rho","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2020.1.6","article-title":"clinical factors influencing antipsychotic choice, dose and augmentation in patients treated with long acting antipsychotics","volume":"68","author":"Dehelean","year":"2020","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195507142530202","article-title":"Occurrence of painless myocardial infarction in psychotic patients","volume":"253","author":"Marchand","year":"1955","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1017\/neu.2014.41","article-title":"Unrecognised myocardial infarction in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"27","author":"Nielsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Neuropsychiatr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000304","article-title":"Decreased pain sensitivity among people with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis of experimental pain induction studies","volume":"156","author":"Stubbs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31135-3","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: A systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"394","author":"Huhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.12.042","article-title":"Cardiac left ventricular ejection fraction in men and women with schizophrenia on long-term antipsychotic treatment","volume":"218","author":"Andreou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pharmacological and disorder associated cardiovascular changes in patients with psychosis. A comparison between olanzapine and risperidone","volume":"66","author":"Dehelean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu100","article-title":"Risk of arrhythmia induced by psychotropic medications: A proposal for clinical management","volume":"35","author":"Fanoe","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S186892","article-title":"A novel approach to cardiovascular disturbances in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders treated with long-acting injectable medication","volume":"15","author":"Romosan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2020.177901","article-title":"The American Psychiatric Association Practice Guideline for the Treatment of Patients With Schizophrenia","volume":"177","author":"Keepers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samalin, L., Garnier, M., Auclair, C., and Llorca, P.M. (2016). Clinical Decision-Making in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Focus on Long-Acting Injectable Antipsychotics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201611.0056.v1"},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"495","article-title":"Long-term administration of olanzapine induces adiposity and increases hepatic fatty acid desaturation protein in female C57BL\/6J mice","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.10.021","article-title":"A randomized, 13-week study assessing the efficacy and metabolic effects of paliperidone palmitate injection and olanzapine in first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"81","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.1088","article-title":"Metabolic Effects of Antipsychotics on Adiposity and Insulin Sensitivity in Youths: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"75","author":"Nicol","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.3371\/CSRP.KASA.022015","article-title":"Patient-Centered Outcomes with Aripiprazole Once-Monthly for Maintenance Treatment in Patients with Schizophrenia: Results From Two Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Studies","volume":"9","author":"Kane","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Schizophr. Relat. Psychoses"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.04.013","article-title":"Long-term effectiveness of aripiprazole once-monthly for schizophrenia is maintained in the QUALIFY extension study","volume":"192","author":"Naber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"40","article-title":"Multidimensional Assessment of Functional Outcomes in Schizophrenia: Results From QUALIFY, a Head-to-Head Trial of Aripiprazole Once-Monthly and Paliperidone Palmitate","volume":"20","author":"Potkin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1988","article-title":"Assessing quality of life following long-acting injection treatment: 4 cases register","volume":"33","author":"Calahorro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00115-7","article-title":"Pathophysiological mechanisms of increased cardiometabolic risk in people with schizophrenia and other severe mental illnesses","volume":"2","author":"Henderson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/8\/814\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:27:27Z","timestamp":1760110047000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/14\/8\/814"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm14080814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm14080814","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,31]]}}}