{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T13:55:20Z","timestamp":1781272520883,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Medical University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1WK\/1\/M\/MBM\/N\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1WK\/1\/M\/MBM\/N\/21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004166","name":"Medical University of Warsaw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ5\/02949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ5\/02949"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["1WK\/1\/M\/MBM\/N\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1WK\/1\/M\/MBM\/N\/21"]}]},{"name":"National Science Centre","award":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ5\/02949"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UMO-2017\/25\/B\/NZ5\/02949"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps (CRSwNP and CRSsNP, respectively) is a chronic inflammatory disease affecting almost 5 to 12% of the population and exhibiting high recurrence rates after functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS). TGF\u03b21-related pathways contribute to tissue remodelling, which is one of the key aspects of CRS pathogenesis. Additionally, adenosine signalling participates in inflammatory processes, and CNPase was shown to elevate adenosine levels by metabolizing cyclic monophosphates. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the expression levels of Smad2, pSmad3, TGF\u03b21, and CNPase protein via immunohistochemistry in sinus epithelial tissues from patients with CRSwNP (n = 20), CRSsNP (n = 23), and non-CRS patients (n = 8). The expression of Smad2, pSmad3, TGF\u03b21, and CNPase was observed in the sinus epithelium and subepithelial area of all three groups of patients, and their expression correlated with several clinical symptoms of CRS. Smad2 expression was increased in CRSsNP patients compared to CRSwNP patients and controls (p = 0.001 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively), pSmad3 expression was elevated in CRSwNP patients compared to controls (p = 0.007), TGF\u03b21 expression was elevated in CRSwNP patients compared to controls (p = 0.009), and CNPase was decreased in CRSsNP patients compared to controls (p = 0.03). To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to demonstrate CNPase expression in the upper airway epithelium of CRSwNP, CRSsNP, and non-CRS patients and point out a putative synergy between CNPase and TGF\u03b21\/Smad signalling in CRS pathogenesis that emerges as a novel still undiscovered aspect of CRS pathogenesis; further studies are needed to explore its function in the course of the chronic inflammation of the upper airways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of CNPase and TGF\u03b21\/Smad Signalling Pathway Molecule Expression in Sinus Epithelial Tissues of Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with (CRSwNP) and without Nasal Polyps (CRSsNP)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6365-8382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Piszczatowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1311-8377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Czerwaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4211-7664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"D\u017caman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5639-2603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Jermakow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hyperbaric Medicine, Military Institute of Medicine\u2014National Research Institute, 04-141 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Brzost","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ireneusz","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5561-2184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nils","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5206-137X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miros\u0142aw J.","family":"Szczepa\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 01-813 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1800215","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps","volume":"381","author":"Hopkins","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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