{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T14:29:27Z","timestamp":1776695367051,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]],"date-time":"2024-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gliomas of the brainstem represent a small percentage of central nervous system gliomas in adults. Due to the proximity of the tumor to critical structures, radical surgery is highly challenging and limited to selected cases. In addition, postoperative treatments, which become exclusive to non-operable patients, do not guarantee satisfactory disease control, making the progression of the disease inevitable. Currently, there is a lack of therapeutic options to control tumor growth after the diagnosis of recurrence. The rarity of these tumors, their distinct behavioral characteristics, and the limited availability of tumor tissue necessary for the development of prognostic and predictive biomarkers contribute to the absence of a standardized approach for treating recurrent brainstem gliomas. A salvage radiotherapy (RT) retreatment could represent a promising approach for recurrent brainstem gliomas. However, to date, it has been mainly evaluated in pediatric cases, with few experiences available to assess the most appropriate RT dose, safety, and clinical responses in adult patients. This comprehensive review aims to identify instances of adult patients with recurrent brainstem gliomas subjected to a secondary course of RT, with a specific focus on the analysis of treatment-related toxicity and outcomes. Through this investigation, we endeavor to contribute valuable insights into the viability and efficacy of salvage RT retreatment in managing recurrent brainstem gliomas in the adult population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,26]],"date-time":"2024-08-26T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1724649384000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Brain Stem Glioma Recurrence: Exploring the Therapeutic Frontiers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-1205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Pasqualetti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1316-2132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lombardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Oncology 1, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Gadducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noemi","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3686-8907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"Montemurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Pisana, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Feletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Institute of Neurosurgery, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0999-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zeppieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Udine, Piazzale S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Teresa","family":"Somma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, 80134 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Caffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Neurosurgery, Department of Biomorphology and Dental Science, and Morphofunctional Imaging, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Bertolotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3741-0639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tamara","family":"Ius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Unit, Head-Neck and NeuroScience Department, University Hospital of Udine, p.le S. Maria della Misericordia 15, 33100 Udine, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, J., Western, S., and Kesari, S. (2016). Brainstem Glioma in Adults. Front. 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