{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:24:19Z","timestamp":1760145859963,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Stroke is one of the most misdiagnosed conditions that causes serious medical disabilities. Its early and accurate diagnosis by the emergency team is crucial for the patient\u2019s survival. This study aimed to determine the percentage of brain strokes incorrectly diagnosed by paramedic teams and to analyze the factors influencing incorrect diagnoses. Methods: The data of 103 patients, mean age of 68.4 \u00b1 14.96 years, admitted in 2019 to hospital emergency departments of the two hospitals in Olsztyn, Poland, were analyzed retrospectively. All patient data were obtained from their information cards. The parameters of the patients misdiagnosed and accurately diagnosed by paramedics were analyzed with Odds Ratio (OR) calculations using IBM SPSS version 23 software. Results: Stroke and transient ischemic attack were recognized in 77 cases (74.8%). In 26 patients (25.2%), the diagnosis made in the ambulance differed from that made in the hospital ward. The analysis of the Odds Ratio (OR) has shown that typical stroke risk factors, if present in a patient, facilitate the correct diagnosis. The greatest source of misdiagnosis of stroke by the paramedic team was the lack of hemiplegia (OR = 6.0). Conclusions: The absence of typical stroke risk factors and neurological stroke symptoms, such as smoking, hemiplegia, aphasia, hypercholesterolemia, arrhythmia, diabetes or a drooping corner of the mouth, constitutes a high risk of misdiagnosing stroke by the paramedic team.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T02:34:49Z","timestamp":1726022089000},"page":"964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Absence of Typical Stroke Symptoms and Risk Factors Represents the Greatest Risk of an Incorrect Diagnosis in Stroke Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2898-9434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rakesh","family":"Jalali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Bieniecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Group, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Jankowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Group, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patryk Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Michel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Students\u2019 Research Group, Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Popielarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5818-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariusz Krzysztof","family":"Majewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacek","family":"Zwiernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0124-0543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Maria","family":"Harazny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center, Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5603\/PPN.2019.0001","article-title":"Wytyczne post\u0119powania w udarze m\u00f3zgu","volume":"15","author":"Czernuszenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Polski Prz. 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