{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:41Z","timestamp":1790389721509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1726012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Bilateral cleft lip palate is a severe congenital birth defect of the mouth and face. Immunity factors modulate immune response, inflammation, and healing; therefore, they are vital in the assessment of the immunological status of the patient. The aim of this study is to assess the distribution of Gal-10, CD-163, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 in tissue of the bilateral cleft lip palate in primary dentition children. Methods: Five patients underwent cheiloplasty surgery, where five tissue samples of lip were obtained. Immunohistochemical staining, semi-quantitative evaluation, and non-parametric statistical analysis were used. Results: A statistically significant increase in HBD-2, HBD-3, and HBD-4 was found in skin and mucosal epithelium, hair follicles, and blood vessels. A notable increase was also noted in IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 in the mucosal epithelium and CD163 in blood vessels. The connective tissue of patients presented with a statistically significant decrease in Gal-10, IL-10, and HBD-3. Spearman\u2019s rank correlation revealed multiple significant positive and negative correlations between the factors. Conclusions: Upregulation of CD163 points to increased angiogenesis but the increase in IL-4 and IL-10 as well as the decrease in Gal-10 points to suppression of excessive inflammatory damage. Decreased connective tissue healing and excessive scarring are suggested by the decrease in HBD-3 and IL-10 and the increase in IL-6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm14090965","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]],"date-time":"2024-09-11T03:55:17Z","timestamp":1726026917000},"page":"965","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characterization of Tissue Immunity Defense Factors of the Lip in Primary Dentition Children with Bilateral Cleft Lip Palate"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-3927-3208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Ozola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Children\u2019s Clinical University Hospital, Vien\u012bbas Gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JAA.0000721644.06681.06","article-title":"An overview of cleft lip and palate","volume":"33","author":"Alois","year":"2020","journal-title":"Jaapa"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000000406","article-title":"Long-term treatment outcome of patients with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate: A retrospective cohort study","volume":"109","author":"Hattori","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. 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