{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T22:22:10Z","timestamp":1773094930602,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]],"date-time":"2025-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2024-00340391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00340391"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chungbuk National University Hospital","award":["RS-2024-00340391"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2024-00340391"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: The aim of this study was to investigate the locational distribution and potential mechanisms of retinal hemorrhages in newborns using fundus photography. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 98 consecutive newborns with retinal hemorrhages in at least one eye and 30 control newborns without retinal hemorrhages after uneventful delivery was conducted. Retinal hemorrhages were diagnosed and characterized using fundus photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy. The location, grade, and features of the hemorrhages were analyzed, alongside their association with delivery mode. Visual function was assessed at a mean follow-up of 7.8 months to evaluate the long-term implications. Results: Retinal hemorrhages were significantly associated with normal spontaneous vaginal delivery (NSVD) compared to cesarean section (p = 0.004). Bilateral involvement was observed in 87.8% of cases, with hemorrhages predominantly located around the major vascular arcade (MVA) and near the optic disc. Higher grades of hemorrhages were linked to increased involvement of the macula and retinal capillary area (RCA) (p &lt; 0.001). All hemorrhages resolved spontaneously within 45.6 \u00b1 15.9 days. No significant differences in refractive errors or strabismus development were identified between the hemorrhage and control groups at follow-up. Conclusions: Neonatal retinal hemorrhages are commonly observed near the MVA and optic disc, with greater severity associated with macular and RCA involvement. These findings, along with the significant association with NSVD, support a mechanism related to elevated central venous pressure. Retinal hemorrhages resolve spontaneously without impacting refractive error or strabismus development in the short term follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15010038","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]],"date-time":"2025-01-20T09:11:13Z","timestamp":1737364273000},"page":"38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Fundus Photography-Based Distribution of Retinal Hemorrhages in Newborns: Implications for Underlying Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gwon Hui","family":"Jo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-2298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi Young","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kibum","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kyung Tae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6058-0145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Yoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Top Eye Center, Cheongju 06083, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ju Byung","family":"Chae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Seoul Top Eye Center, Cheongju 06083, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6574-7744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eoi Jong","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00474-7","article-title":"Incidence and rate of disappearance of retinal hemorrhage in newborns","volume":"108","author":"Emerson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.241.344","article-title":"Retinal and conjunctival haemorrhage in the newborn","volume":"45","author":"Baum","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. 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