{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:21Z","timestamp":1787028741775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pregnancy induces significant physiologic changes that impact the cardiovascular system, potentially exacerbating pre-existing cardiac conditions or precipitating new illnesses. Pregnant patients with cardiac emergencies pose unique challenges, as standard interventions may pose risks to the developing fetus. This article aims to enhance emergency physicians\u2019 confidence in managing pregnancy-related cardiac emergencies by providing a structured approach to initial evaluation and stabilization. We review eight common categories of pregnancy-associated cardiac illness: gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia, cardiomyopathy, arrhythmias, valvular disease, aortopathies, congenital heart disease and pulmonary hypertension, coronary disease, and anticoagulation-related complications. For each condition, we summarize relevant pregnancy-specific pathophysiology and outline evidence-based, personalized emergency management strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15040148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T11:05:02Z","timestamp":1744110302000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pregnancy-Related Heart Disease in the Emergency Department"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8536-6583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicole R.","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3099-8388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Lindor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3826-213X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Monas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberly","family":"Heller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Thomas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cody","family":"Petrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3018-5330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren B.","family":"Querin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8636-2085","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrej","family":"Urumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Emergency Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5472-6689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"Majdalany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Phoeniz, AZ 85054, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e237","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003891","article-title":"Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222","volume":"135","author":"Espinoza","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2021.09.008","article-title":"The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice","volume":"27","author":"Brown","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2008.04.010","article-title":"Eclampsia: A neurological perspective","volume":"271","author":"Shah","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eclampsia Trial Collaborative Group (1995). Which anticonvulsant for women with eclampsia? Evidence from the Collaborative Eclampsia Trial. Lancet, 345, 1455\u20131463.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)91034-4"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-024-10435-5","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A comprehensive and contemporary review","volume":"29","author":"Sigauke","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3094","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab458","article-title":"Peripartum cardiomyopathy: From genetics to management","volume":"42","author":"Sliwa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S372747","article-title":"Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Risks Diagnosis and Management","volume":"16","author":"Carlson","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"373","article-title":"Heart disease and pregnancy: State of the art","volume":"38","author":"Veiga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Port. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"339","article-title":"The pregnant heart: Cardiac emergencies during pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Borhart","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2007.04.006","article-title":"Emergency department evaluation and management of peripartum cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Egan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.026681","article-title":"Burden of Arrhythmia in Pregnancy","volume":"135","author":"Vaidya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacep.2021.10.004","article-title":"Arrhythmias in Pregnancy. JACC","volume":"8","author":"Tamirisa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"22","article-title":"QT Interval in Pregnant and Non-pregnant Women","volume":"2","author":"Zamani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Emergency"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2023.05.015","article-title":"Predictors of arrhythmia during pregnancy in adults with congenital heart disease","volume":"386","author":"Venkatesh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2023.05.017","article-title":"2023 HRS expert consensus statement on the management of arrhythmias during pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Joglar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hear. Rhythm."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basri, N.I., and Ahmad, S. (2018). Congenital complete heart block in pregnancy. Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig., 35.","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2018-0042"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2021-320451","article-title":"Supraventricular arrhythmia in pregnancy","volume":"108","author":"Ramlakhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"151","article-title":"Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy","volume":"63","author":"Lewey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000712","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.113.000712","article-title":"Pregnancy complicated by valvular heart disease: An update","volume":"3","author":"Nanna","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.14797\/mdcvj.1323","article-title":"Valvular Heart Disease in Pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Shapiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Methodist DeBakey Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.085","article-title":"Valvular heart disease and pregnancy part I: Native valves","volume":"46","author":"Elkayam","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E884","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000772","article-title":"Cardiovascular Considerations in Caring for Pregnant Patients: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.032561","article-title":"Pregnancy Outcomes in Women With Rheumatic Mitral Valve Disease: Results From the Registry of Pregnancy and Cardiac Disease","volume":"137","author":"Thorne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2009.02.008","article-title":"Changes in the biochemical constituents and morphologic appearance of the human cervical stroma during pregnancy","volume":"144","author":"Myers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/37.5.667","article-title":"Longitudinal assessment of changes in reproductive hormones during normal pregnancy","volume":"37","author":"Boyne","year":"1991","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1679","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00532.2015","article-title":"Adaptive increases in expression and vasodilator activity of estrogen receptor subtypes in a blood vessel-specific pattern during pregnancy","volume":"309","author":"Mata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vargas, A.I., Tarraf, S.A., Jennings, T., Bellini, C., and Amini, R. (2024). Vascular Remodeling During Late-Gestation Pregnancy: An In-Vitro Assessment of the Murine Ascending Thoracic Aorta. J. Biomech. Eng., 146.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.4064744"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H745","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00861.2008","article-title":"Increased vascular angiotensin type 2 receptor expression and NOS-mediated mechanisms of vascular relaxation in pregnant rats","volume":"296","author":"Stennett","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"58","article-title":"Clinical Features and Outcomes of Pregnancy-Related Acute Aortic Dissection","volume":"6","author":"Braverman","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e028436","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.028436","article-title":"Aortic Dissection During Pregnancy and Puerperium: Contemporary Incidence and Outcomes in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E334","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001106","article-title":"2022 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Aortic Disease: A Report of the American Heart Association\/American College of Cardiology Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"146","author":"Isselbacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2014.11.002","article-title":"Clinical Policy: Critical Issues in the Evaluation and Management of Adult Patients with Suspected Acute Nontraumatic Thoracic Aortic Dissection","volume":"65","author":"Diercks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029457","article-title":"Diagnostic Accuracy of the Aortic Dissection Detection Risk Score Plus D-Dimer for Acute Aortic Syndromes: The ADvISED Prospective Multicenter Study","volume":"137","author":"Nazerian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2024.01.021","article-title":"EACTS\/STS Guidelines for Diagnosing and Treating Acute and Chronic Syndromes of the Aortic Organ","volume":"118","author":"Czerny","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1028","article-title":"2018 AHA\/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"73","author":"Stout","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e368","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000329","article-title":"Pediatric Pulmonary Hypertension: Guidelines From the American Heart Association and American Thoracic Society","volume":"132","author":"Abman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.01.069","article-title":"Maternal Comorbidities and Complications of Delivery in Pregnant Women with Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"73","author":"Schlichting","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2361","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2000348","article-title":"Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension","volume":"385","author":"Hassoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0b013e31820cab69","article-title":"Effect of Maternal Heart Disease on Fetal Growth","volume":"117","author":"Gelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E657","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001121","article-title":"Anesthetic Care of the Pregnant Patient With Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"147","author":"Meng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/ACO.0000000000000310","article-title":"Anesthesia for pregnant women with pulmonary hypertension","volume":"29","author":"Rex","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"e876","article-title":"2022 AHA\/ACC\/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"145","author":"Heidenreich","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.24776","article-title":"Intensive care management of right ventricular failure and pulmonary hypertension crises","volume":"56","author":"Coleman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Pulmonol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"e35","article-title":"2020 ACC\/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Otto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006523","article-title":"Maternal Morbidity According to Mode of Delivery Among Pregnant Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension","volume":"138","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17474","article-title":"Management and outcomes of pulmonary artery hypertension and Eisenmenger syndrome during pregnancy: A prospective observational cohort study","volume":"130","author":"Jha","year":"2023","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487318821246","article-title":"Peripartum outcomes in a large population of women with pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e009395","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009395","article-title":"Neonatal and Maternal Outcomes in Pregnant Women with Cardiac Disease","volume":"7","author":"Owens","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2026","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2021.09.009","article-title":"Coronary Events in the Pregnant Patient: Who Is at Risk and How Best to Manage?","volume":"37","author":"Samuel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e008687","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.120.008687","article-title":"Pregnancy-Associated Myocardial Infarction: Prevalence, Causes, and Interventional Management","volume":"13","author":"Tweet","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation Cardiovasc. Interv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1111\/tog.12861","article-title":"Acute coronary syndromes in pregnancy: A literature review","volume":"25","author":"Freeman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4224","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehab546","article-title":"Management of acute cardiovascular complications in pregnancy","volume":"42","author":"Assenza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Hear. J."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Writing Committee Members, Lawton, J.S., Tamis-Holland, J.E., Bangalore, S., Bates, E.R., Beckie, T.M., Bischoff, J.M., Bittl, J.A., Cohen, M.G., and DiMaio, J.M. (2022). 2021 ACC\/AHA\/SCAI Guideline for Coronary Artery Revascularization: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol., 79, e771."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100697","DOI":"10.1016\/j.curtheres.2023.100697","article-title":"Pregnancy-Associated Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection in Women: A Literature Review","volume":"98","author":"Zeven","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Ther. Res. Clin. Exp."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2004.08.004","article-title":"Haemostatic changes in pregnancy","volume":"114","author":"Brenner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thromb. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-38897","article-title":"Hemostasis during normal pregnancy and puerperium","volume":"29","author":"Hellgren","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1760332","article-title":"Hemostasis in the Pregnant Woman, the Placenta, the Fetus, and the Newborn Infant","volume":"49","author":"Warren","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Thromb. Hemost."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.02.012","article-title":"Elevated fibrinogen, von Willebrand factor, and Factor VIII confer resistance to dilutional coagulopathy and activated protein C in normal pregnant women","volume":"122","author":"Tanaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Anaesth."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1407434","article-title":"Pregnancy Complicated by Venous Thrombosis","volume":"373","author":"Greer","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3317","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2018024802","article-title":"American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: Venous thromboembolism in the context of pregnancy","volume":"2","author":"Bates","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2021.104226","article-title":"Thrombotic microangiopathy during pregnancy","volume":"138","author":"Saadat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microvasc Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2015.1.644","article-title":"Syndromes of thrombotic microangiopathy associated with pregnancy","volume":"2015","author":"George","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hemato.l Educ. Program."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.13049","article-title":"The presentation and management of platelet disorders in pregnancy","volume":"100","author":"Goldman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2019.100638","article-title":"Thrombocytopenia in pregnancy: Diagnosis and approach to management","volume":"40","author":"Pishko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2214617","article-title":"Management of Primary Immune Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy","volume":"389","author":"Bussel","year":"2023","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2008.01859.x","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of severe obstetric haemorrhage","volume":"115","author":"Vangen","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"152","article-title":"Postpartum Hemorrhage Trends and Outcomes in the United States, 2000\u20132019","volume":"141","author":"Friedman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1111\/hae.14922","article-title":"Impact of inherited bleeding disorders on maternal bleeding and other pregnancy outcomes: A population-based cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Alam","year":"2024","journal-title":"Haemophilia"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.15414","article-title":"Risk factors for early postpartum hemorrhage: A retrospective, population-based, cohort analysis","volume":"166","author":"Abecassis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e691S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.11-2300","article-title":"VTE, thrombophilia, antithrombotic therapy, and pregnancy: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"141","author":"Bates","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001110","article-title":"Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Syndromes in Obstetrics","volume":"126","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.054","article-title":"Disseminated intravascular coagulation in pregnancy: Insights in pathophysiology, diagnosis and management","volume":"213","author":"Erez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000964","article-title":"How I manage pregnancy in carriers of hemophilia and patients with von Willebrand disease","volume":"136","author":"Leebeek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1635","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1513247","article-title":"Postpartum Hemorrhage","volume":"384","author":"Bienstock","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2016.05.004","article-title":"Preventing deaths due to haemorrhage","volume":"36","author":"Hofmeyr","year":"2016","journal-title":"Best Pr. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/4\/148\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:12:31Z","timestamp":1760029951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/4\/148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm15040148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15040148","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]]}}}