{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T04:00:05Z","timestamp":1790740805285,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Neointimal formation after stent implantation is an important prognostic factor since delayed healing may lead to stent thrombosis. In vivo, optical coherence tomography (OCT) can most precisely assess stent strut coverage. Since analyzing neointimal coverage is time-consuming, artificial intelligence (AI) may offer valuable assistance. This study presents the preliminary results of the AI-based tool\u2019s performance in detecting and categorizing struts as covered and uncovered. Methods: The algorithm was developed using the YOLO11 (You Only Look Once) neural networks. The first step was preprocessing, then data augmentation techniques were implemented, and the model was trained. Twenty OCT pullbacks were used during model training, and two OCT pullbacks were used in the final validation. Results: The presented tool\u2019s performance was validated against two analysts\u2019 consensus. Both analysts showed moderate intraobserver agreement (\u03ba = 0.57 for analyst 1 and \u03ba = 0.533 for analyst 2) and fair agreement with each other (\u03ba = 0.389). The algorithm\u2019s detection of struts was satisfactory (a 92% positive predictive value (PPV) and a 90% true positive rate (TPR)) and was more accurate in recognizing covered struts (an 81% PPV and an 85% TPR) than uncovered struts (a 73% PPV and a 60% TPR). The agreement was \u03ba = 0.444. Conclusions: The initial results demonstrated a good detection of struts with a more challenging uncovered strut classification. Further clinical studies with a larger sample size are needed to improve the proposed tool.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15040151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T06:45:31Z","timestamp":1744353931000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Artificial Intelligence-Based Algorithm for Stent Coverage Assessments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4539-5953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Fluder-Wlodarczyk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikhail","family":"Darakhovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krak\u00f3w, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4987-5361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zofia","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, AGH University of Krak\u00f3w, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Roleder-Dylewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Dobroli\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3681-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Wojakowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawel","family":"Gasior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology and Structural Heart Diseases, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-635 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8938-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"El\u017cbieta","family":"Pociask","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, AGH University of Krak\u00f3w, 30-059 Krak\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e103","DOI":"10.4244\/EIJ-D-21-01034","article-title":"Management of In-Stent Restenosis","volume":"18","author":"Alfonso","year":"2022","journal-title":"EuroIntervention"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.03.042","article-title":"Pathology of Drug-Eluting Stents in Humans","volume":"48","author":"Joner","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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