{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T14:50:12Z","timestamp":1787237412151,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interstitial lung disease (ILD) prevalence and survival are increasing due to improvement in scientific research together with clinical complications typical of advanced disease. Lung cancer (LC) is described as a possible event occurring in lung parenchyma in the context of fibrotic abnormalities that worsen patients\u2019 prognosis. This growth of malignant cells on a fibrotic background has also been called scar-cinoma. For this reason, not only an early diagnosis but also personalized decisions on the best treatment approach should be considered for each patient in a multidisciplinary discussion, since in some cases chemotherapy or surgery could be detrimental for patients with pulmonary fibrosis. LC and lung fibrosis may share common pathogenetic mechanisms like an altered healing process in response to repeated tissue damage from environmental exposure in genetically susceptible individuals. Smoking history and air pollution together with mutations in telomere and surfactant protein genes lead to the production of cytokines and nitro derivatives in the microenvironment that facilitate the carcinomatous transformation during fibrogenesis. The evolution of LC therapy and the implementation of immunotherapy acting on targetable immune checkpoints have raised interest in evaluating ILD-LC actionable mutations. The main pathogenetic mechanisms, clinical presentations and treatment implications are presented in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15050213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T13:59:43Z","timestamp":1747835983000},"page":"213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Interstitial Lung Diseases and Lung Cancer: A Review on Similarities, Common Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5925-4035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gioele","family":"Castelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0343-1565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Cocconcelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuliana","family":"Grimaudo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2174-4284","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Di Leo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department PROMISE, \u201cPaolo Giaccone\u201d University Hospital, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0812-1295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serena","family":"Bellani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giordano","family":"Fiorent\u00f9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-1895-689X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giacomo","family":"Giulianelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol","family":"Bernardinello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisabetta","family":"Balestro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1096-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Spagnolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Respiratory Disease Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova and Padova City Hospital, 35128 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"546","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Disease in 2015: Where Are We Now?","volume":"44","author":"Troy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.165.2.ats01","article-title":"American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society International Multidisciplinary Consensus Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias","volume":"165","author":"Travis","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201308-1483ST","article-title":"An Official American Thoracic Society\/European Respiratory Society Statement: Update of the International Multidisciplinary Classification of the Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias","volume":"188","author":"Travis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v1","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2008.101691","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Disease Guideline: The British Thoracic Society in Collaboration with the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand and the Irish Thoracic Society","volume":"63","author":"Wells","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.2009-040GL","article-title":"An Official ATS\/ERS\/JRS\/ALAT Statement: Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Evidence-Based Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management","volume":"183","author":"Raghu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001291","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjresp-2022-001291","article-title":"Incidence and Prevalence of Interstitial Lung Diseases Worldwide: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Koteci","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200402-147OC","article-title":"Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: What Is the Effect of a Multidisciplinary Approach to Diagnosis?","volume":"170","author":"Flaherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2015.03.094","article-title":"Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer in Patients with Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia","volume":"100","author":"Omori","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0359","article-title":"The Impact of Lung Cancer on Survival of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"147","author":"Tomassetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2009.01547.x","article-title":"Cumulative Incidence of and Predictive Factors for Lung Cancer in IPF","volume":"14","author":"Ozawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13481","article-title":"Impact of Interstitial Lung Disease and Simultaneous Lung Cancer on Therapeutic Possibilities and Survival","volume":"11","author":"Barczi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"559","article-title":"The Association of Terminal Bronchiolar Carcinoma with Chronic Interstitial Inflammation and Fibrosis of the Lungs","volume":"76","author":"Spain","year":"1957","journal-title":"Am. Rev. Tuberc."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(68)90039-9","article-title":"Idiopathic Diffuse Interstitial Pulmonary Fibrosis (Fibrosing Alveolitis), Atypical Epithelial Proliferation and Lung Cancer","volume":"45","author":"Haddad","year":"1968","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"3","article-title":"Clinical and Molecular Analysis of Lung Cancers Associated with Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"83","author":"Cabarrou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibiot, Q., Monnet, I., Levy, P., Brun, A.L., Antoine, M., Choua\u00efd, C., Cadranel, J., and Naccache, J.M. (2020). Interstitial Lung Disease Associated with Lung Cancer: A Case\u2013Control Study. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9030700"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3829","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2018.05.75","article-title":"Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Disease: A Literature Review","volume":"10","author":"Naccache","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-016-2199-z","article-title":"Impact of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis on Advanced Non\u2014Small Cell Lung Cancer Survival","volume":"142","author":"Kanaji","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201807-481OC","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.06.008","article-title":"Cobalt Related Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"129","author":"Adams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yrtph.2016.05.009","article-title":"Inhalation Cancer Risk Assessment of Cobalt Metal","volume":"79","author":"Suh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"683","article-title":"Asbestos-Related Lung Disease","volume":"75","author":"Mclaughlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60235-9","article-title":"Silicosis","volume":"379","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(09)70134-2","article-title":"A Review of Human Carcinogens\u2014Part C: Metals, Arsenic, Dusts, and Fibres","volume":"10","author":"Straif","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Horn, L., and Lovly, C.M. (2018). Neoplasms of the Lung. Harrison\u2019s Principles of iIternal Medicine, McGraw-Hill Education."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00217614","article-title":"Management of Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Clinical Practice: The INSIGHTS-IPF Registry","volume":"46","author":"Behr","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2008.11.010","article-title":"Genetic Defects in Surfactant Protein A2 Are Associated with Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2007.088583","article-title":"Overexpression of Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antigen in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinicopathological Correlations","volume":"63","author":"Calabrese","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1159\/000451081","article-title":"Regeneration of the Aging Lung: A Mini-Review","volume":"63","author":"Navarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00073012","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Moving Target","volume":"41","author":"Wuyts","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17074","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.74","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"3","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Prim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00115-2022","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Patients with Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Diseases: An Overview of Current Knowledge and Challenges","volume":"8","author":"Kewalramani","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00077309","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Disease with Similarities and Links to Cancer Biology","volume":"35","author":"Vancheri","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.167.231","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"167","author":"Nagai","year":"1992","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9098(200101)76:1<53::AID-JSO1009>3.0.CO;2-T","article-title":"Clinicopathological Characteristics of Surgically Resected Lung Cancer Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"76","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2014.07.020","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Clinical Characteristics and Impact on Survival","volume":"108","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(196503)18:3<322::AID-CNCR2820180310>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Relationship of Interstitial Pneumonia Honeycombing and Atypical Epithelial Proliferation to Cancer of the Lung","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"1965","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197305)31:5<1078::AID-CNCR2820310507>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Carcinoma and Diffuse Interstitial Fibrosis of Lung","volume":"31","author":"Fraire","year":"1973","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01201-2015","article-title":"\u201cScar-Cinoma\u201d: Viewing the Fibrotic Lung Mesenchymal Cell in the Context of Cancer Biology","volume":"47","author":"Horowitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2017.06.015","article-title":"A Clinicopathological Study of Surgically Resected Lung Cancer in Patients with Usual Interstitial Pneumonia","volume":"129","author":"Watanabe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2019.04.114","article-title":"Common Pathogenic Mechanisms Between Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer","volume":"156","author":"Tzouvelekis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1827.1999.00989.x","article-title":"Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Carcinoma: A Comparative Study of Metaplastic Epithelia in Honeycombed Areas of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia with or without Lung Carcinoma","volume":"49","author":"Hironaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25998","article-title":"Involvement of the Warburg Effect in Non-Tumor Diseases Processes","volume":"233","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201504-0780OC","article-title":"Glycolytic Reprogramming in Myofibroblast Differentiation and Lung Fibrosis","volume":"192","author":"Xie","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kendall, R.T., and Feghali-Bostwick, C.A. (2014). Fibroblasts in Fibrosis: Novel Roles and Mediators. Front. Pharmacol., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00123"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"73","article-title":"Reduced Transcription of the Smad4 Gene during Pulmonary Carcinogenesis in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Takenaka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200510-1580OC","article-title":"Guanine Nitration in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Its Implication for Carcinogenesis","volume":"174","author":"Terasaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2014-206411","article-title":"Aberrant Expression and Activity of Histone Deacetylases in Sporadic Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"70","author":"Korfei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/jmcb\/mjs013","article-title":"Dynamically Regulated Sumoylation of HDAC2 Controls P53 Deacetylation and Restricts Apoptosis Following Genotoxic Stress","volume":"4","author":"Uhlig","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0000000000000209","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: A Series of 47 Western Patients","volume":"9","author":"Girard","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04645-y","article-title":"Comparison of Lung Cancer Occurring in Fibrotic versus Non-Fibrotic Lung on Chest CT","volume":"22","author":"Salvatore","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2021.11.003","article-title":"The 2021 WHO Classification of Lung Tumors: Impact of Advances Since 2015","volume":"17","author":"Nicholson","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"1175","article-title":"Safety and Efficacy of Platinum Agents plus Etoposide for Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer with Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"33","author":"Yoshida","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2017.12.134","article-title":"Lung Cancer in Connective Tissue Disease-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease: Clinical Features and Impact on Outcomes","volume":"10","author":"Watanabe","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoo, H., Jeong, B.H., Chung, M.J., Lee, K.S., Kwon, O.J., and Chung, M.P. (2019). Risk Factors and Clinical Characteristics of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0905-8"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2478\/raon-2019-0032","article-title":"Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Patients with Early-Stage Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer after Surgical Resection","volume":"53","author":"Nezka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7751","DOI":"10.1007\/s00432-023-04727-w","article-title":"Association between Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Risk of Different Pathological Types of Lung Cancer: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"149","author":"Zheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4144","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd.2019.10.01","article-title":"Real World Data of Combined Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"11","author":"Kawahara","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, H., Liu, M., Yang, X., Ren, Y., Xie, B., Geng, J., Deng, M., Dai, H., and Wang, C. (2022). Malignancies in Patients with Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Single Center Observational Study. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11247321"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han, S.J., Kim, H.H., Hyun, D.G., Ji, W., Choi, C.M., Lee, J.C., and Kim, H.C. (2024). Clinical Characteristics and Outcome of Lung Cancer in Patients with Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease. BMC Pulm. Med., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-024-02946-6"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa, K., Uruga, H., Fujii, T., Fujimori, S., Kohno, T., Kurosaki, A., Kishi, K., and Abe, S. (2020). Characteristics of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer with Interstitial Pneumonia: Variation in Cancer Location, Histopathology, and Frequency of Postoperative Acute Exacerbations in Interstitial Pneumonia. BMC Pulm. Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-020-01347-9"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(23)00444-8","article-title":"Global Variations in Lung Cancer Incidence by Histological Subtype in 2020: A Population-Based Study","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118835","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2021.118835","article-title":"Rise and Fall of Lung Cancers in Relation to Tobacco Smoking and Air Pollution: A Global Trend Analysis from 1990 to 2012","volume":"269","author":"Yim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1177\/1753466620963866","article-title":"Clinical Features of Patients with Small Cell Lung Cancer and Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treated with Chemotherapy or Chemoradiotherapy","volume":"14","author":"Kanaji","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Respir. Dis."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437390","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5437390","article-title":"Prognosis of Small Cell Lung Cancer with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Assessment According to GAP Stage","volume":"2019","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002806","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02806-2020","article-title":"Functional Assessment and Phenotypic Heterogeneity of SFTPA1 and SFTPA2 Mutations in Interstitial Lung Diseases and Lung Cancer","volume":"56","author":"Legendre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.24476","article-title":"Rare Surfactant-Related Variants in Familial and Sporadic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"43","author":"Sutton","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, A., Chen, C., Gandhi, C.K., Wu, R., Pardo, A., Selman, M., and Floros, J. (2022). Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) and SNP-SNP Interactions of the Surfactant Protein Genes Are Associated With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Mexican Study Group; Comparison With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis. Front. Immunol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.842745"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddw014","article-title":"Germline SFTPA1 Mutation in Familial Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia and Lung Cancer","volume":"25","author":"Nathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301809","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01809-2023","article-title":"High Risk of Lung Cancer in Surfactant-Related Gene Variant Carriers","volume":"63","author":"Brudon","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00262-021-02995-4","article-title":"SFTPA1 Is a Potential Prognostic Biomarker Correlated with Immune Cell Infiltration and Response to Immunotherapy in Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"71","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30135-8","article-title":"Analysis of Protein-Altering Variants in Telomerase Genes and Their Association with MUC5B Common Variant Status in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Candidate Gene Sequencing Study","volume":"6","author":"Dressen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240101","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0101-2024","article-title":"Rare Genetic Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Pictorial Essay","volume":"33","author":"Borie","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/resp.14195","article-title":"Interstitial Lung Diseases Associated with Mutations of Poly(A)-Specific Ribonuclease: A Multicentre Retrospective Study","volume":"27","author":"Philippot","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, H., Zhou, Z., Wei, S., Liu, Z., Pooley, K.A., Dunning, A.M., Svenson, U., Roos, G., Hosgood, H.D., and Shen, M. (2011). Shortened Telomere Length Is Associated with Increased Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020466"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2017.2316","article-title":"Association between Telomere Length and Risk of Cancer and Non-Neoplastic Diseases a Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"3","author":"Haycock","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pulmoe.2021.12.001","article-title":"Differential Immunohistochemical Expression of HTERT in Lung Cancer Patients with and without Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"30","author":"Gomatou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pulmonology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.10708","article-title":"Expression and Alteration of Ras and P53 Proteins in Patients with Lung Carcinoma Accompanied by Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"95","author":"Takahashi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1053\/hupa.2001.28246","article-title":"P53 Gene Alteration in Atypical Epithelial Lesions and Carcinoma in Patients With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"32","author":"Kawasaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hum. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-017-0605-y","article-title":"Morphologic and Molecular Study of Lung Cancers Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Other Pulmonary Fibroses","volume":"18","author":"Guyard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14488","article-title":"Paired Genetic Analysis by Next-Generation Sequencing of Lung Cancer and Associated Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"111","author":"Otsubo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-014-1722-0","article-title":"The FHIT Gene Product: Tumor Suppressor and Genome \u201cCaretaker\u201d","volume":"71","author":"Waters","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"8527","article-title":"Aberrations in the Fragile Histidine Triad (FHIT) Gene in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"61","author":"Uematsu","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1002\/path.4978","article-title":"Genomic Profiles of Lung Cancer Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"244","author":"Hwang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2002.tb00188.x","article-title":"MYCL1, FHIT, SPARC, P16INK4 and TP53 Genes Associated to Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"6","author":"Demopoulos","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtho.2016.07.034","article-title":"Clinicopathological, Immunohistochemical, and Genetic Features of Primary Lung Adenocarcinoma Occurring in the Setting of Usual Interstitial Pneumonia Pattern","volume":"11","author":"Masai","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/290132","article-title":"The Frequency of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation of Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer According to the Underlying Pulmonary Diseases","volume":"2011","author":"Usui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pulm. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2013.01.017","article-title":"Preexisting Interstitial Lung Disease Is Inversely Correlated to Tumor Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Mutation in Patients with Lung Adenocarcinoma","volume":"80","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2013.2320","article-title":"Prevalence of Underlying Lung Disease in Smokers with Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-Mutant Lung Cancer","volume":"29","author":"Sekine","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1111\/his.13103","article-title":"The Pathological Features of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia-Associated Pulmonary Adenocarcinomas","volume":"70","author":"Kojima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kronborg-white, S., Madsen, L.B., Bendstrup, E., and Poletti, V. (2021). Pd-l1 Expression in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10235562"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02551-x","article-title":"Expression of PD-1\/PD-L1 Axis in Mediastinal Lymph Nodes and Lung Tissue of Human and Experimental Lung Fibrosis Indicates a Potential Therapeutic Target for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"24","author":"Karampitsakos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cllc.2018.04.012","article-title":"Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Expression in Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Interstitial Lung Disease: A Matched Case-Control Study","volume":"19","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar8356","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar8356","article-title":"PD-1 up-Regulation on CD4 + T Cells Promotes Pulmonary Fibrosis through STAT3-Mediated IL-17A and TGF-\u03921 Production","volume":"10","author":"Celada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2007.07.012","article-title":"The Incidence of Cancer in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Sarcoidosis in the UK","volume":"101","author":"Gribbin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2016.02.001","article-title":"Nintedanib in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Combined Evidence from the TOMORROW and INPULSIS\u00ae Trials","volume":"113","author":"Richeldi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"266","article-title":"Treatment and Outcome of Lung Cancer in Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias","volume":"31","author":"Kreuter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sarcoidosis Vasc. Diffus. Lung Dis. Off. J. WASOG"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koo, H.J., Do, K.H., Lee, J.B., Alblushi, S., and Lee, S.M. (2016). Lung Cancer in Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161437"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Drakopanagiotakis, F., Krauss, E., Michailidou, I., Drosos, V., Anevlavis, S., G\u00fcnther, A., and Steiropoulos, P. (2024). Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Diseases. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202405.1111.v1"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2017161659","article-title":"Guidelines for Management of Incidental Pulmonary Nodules Detected on CT Images: From the Fleischner Society 2017","volume":"284","author":"MacMahon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e166S","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.12-2395","article-title":"Physiologic Evaluation of the Patient with Lung Cancer Being Considered for Resectional Surgery: Diagnosis and Management of Lung Cancer, 3rd Ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"143","author":"Brunelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1097\/JTO.0b013e318216ee6b","article-title":"Therisk of Cytotoxic Chemotherapy-Related Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease with Lung Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Kenmotsu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lungcan.2016.03.017","article-title":"Low Forced Vital Capacity Predicts Cytotoxic Chemotherapy-Associated Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"96","author":"Enomoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung Cancer"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00791-8","article-title":"Impact of Interstitial Lung Disease on Surgical Morbidity and Mortality for Lung Cancer: Analyses of Short-Term and Long-Term Outcomes","volume":"126","author":"Chiyo","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2008.07.016","article-title":"Is Lung Cancer Resection Indicated in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?","volume":"136","author":"Watanabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2011.06.055","article-title":"Survival after Surgery for Pathologic Stage IA Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Associated with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"92","author":"Saito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.48.1650","article-title":"Exacerbation of Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonias Associated with Lung Cancer Therapy","volume":"48","author":"Minegishi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(03)00028-X","article-title":"Pulmonary Fibrosis and Lung Cancer: Risk and Benefit Analysis of Pulmonary Resection","volume":"125","author":"Kumar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2013.09.050","article-title":"Impact and Predictors of Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Diseases after Pulmonary Resection for Lung Cancer","volume":"147","author":"Sato","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"340","article-title":"Surgical Treatment of Lung Cancer Combined with Interstitial Pneumonia: The Effect of Surgical Approach on Postoperative Acute Exacerbation","volume":"10","author":"Koizumi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2011.02.036","article-title":"Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation of Clinical Stage i Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"142","author":"Hiraki","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2014.08.086","article-title":"Long-Term Results and Predictors of Survival after Surgical Resection of Patients with Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Diseases","volume":"149","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1674","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(03)00966-4","article-title":"Operation for Lung Cancer in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: Surgical Contraindication?","volume":"76","author":"Fujimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-014-0487-6","article-title":"A Simple Risk Scoring System for Predicting Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Pneumonia after Pulmonary Resection in Lung Cancer Patients","volume":"63","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1007\/s11748-009-0569-z","article-title":"Predictive Factors for Postoperative Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Pneumonia Combined with Lung Cancer","volume":"58","author":"Shintani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1843.2010.01907.x","article-title":"The Prevalence of Pulmonary Fibrosis Combined with Emphysema in Patients with Lung Cancer","volume":"16","author":"Usui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Respirology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2016.954","article-title":"Clinical Features and Outcomes of Patients with Lung Cancer as Well as Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema","volume":"5","author":"Otsuka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-015-4577-1","article-title":"Surgical Outcomes of Lung Cancer in Patients with Combined Pulmonary Fibrosis and Emphysema","volume":"22","author":"Mimae","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1159\/000342046","article-title":"Efficacy of Chemotherapy for Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"85","author":"Watanabe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483A","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.08.497","article-title":"The Efficacy of Pirfenidone in the Treatment of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Single-Institution Retrospective Study in Japan","volume":"150","author":"Yazaki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00595-014-1071-5","article-title":"Experience with Perioperative Pirfenidone for Lung Cancer Surgery in Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"45","author":"Iwata","year":"2015","journal-title":"Surg. Today"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-016-0398-4","article-title":"A Phase II Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Perioperative Pirfenidone for Prevention of Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Pulmonary Resection: West Japan Oncology Group 6711 L (PEOPLE Study)","volume":"17","author":"Iwata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2401484","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01484-2024","article-title":"Pirfenidone and Risk of Lung Cancer Development in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Nationwide Population-Based Study","volume":"65","author":"Yoon","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","article-title":"Efficacy and Safety of Nintedanib in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"Richeldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70586-2","article-title":"Docetaxel plus Nintedanib versus Docetaxel plus Placebo in Patients with Previously Treated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (LUME-Lung 1): A Phase 3, Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Reck","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1177\/1758834016630976","article-title":"Nintedanib in NSCLC: Evidence to Date and Place in Therapy","volume":"8","author":"Bronte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Med. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2014.11.015","article-title":"Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes from the LUME-Lung 1 Trial: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Study of Second-Line Nintedanib in Patients with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"51","author":"Novello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s11523-015-0367-8","article-title":"Nintedanib: A Review of Its Use as Second-Line Treatment in Adults with Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer of Adenocarcinoma Histology","volume":"10","author":"Dhillon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Target. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/rcr2.902","article-title":"Nintedanib\u2014A Case of Treating Concurrent Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"10","author":"Dabholkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respirol. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13935","article-title":"Remarkable Response of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer to Nintedanib Treatment in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"12","author":"Kai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.1111\/1759-7714.13437","article-title":"Effect of Nintedanib on Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer in a Patient with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Case Report and Literature Review","volume":"11","author":"Shiratori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Thorac. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/onco.13752","article-title":"FDA Approval Summary: Atezolizumab and Durvalumab in Combination with Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Extensive Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"26","author":"Mathieu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720-e702","DOI":"10.1093\/oncolo\/oyac118","article-title":"Atezolizumab for Pretreated Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer with Idiopathic Interstitial Pneumonia: Final Analysis of Phase II AMBITIOUS Study","volume":"27","author":"Ikeda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2021.12.656","article-title":"Clinical Outcomes of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Preexisting Interstitial Lung Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yamakawa, H., Oba, T., Ohta, H., Tsukahara, Y., Kida, G., Tsumiyama, E., Nishizawa, T., Kawabe, R., Sato, S., and Akasaka, K. (2019). Nintedanib Allows Retreatment with Atezolizumab of Combined Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer\/Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis after Atezolizumab-Induced Pneumonitis: A Case Report. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0920-9"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3371","DOI":"10.21037\/jtd-24-45","article-title":"Atezolizumab and Nintedanib in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Interstitial Lung Disease","volume":"16","author":"Yamaguchi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamada, S., Ichiyasu, H., Ikeda, T., Inaba, M., Kashiwabara, K., Sadamatsu, T., Sato, N., Akaike, K., Okabayashi, H., and Saruwatari, K. (2019). Protective Effect of Bevacizumab on Chemotherapy-Related Acute Exacerbation of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Advanced Non-Squamous Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. BMC Pulm. Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-019-0838-2"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Gong, X., Hu, Y., Yi, Q., Zhang, Q., Miao, L., and Zhou, Y. (2022). Anti-Angiogenic Drugs Inhibit Interstitial Lung Disease Progression in Patients With Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Front. Oncol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2022.873709"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091211040232","article-title":"Palliative Care for the Interstitial Lung Disease Patient a Must and Not Just a Need","volume":"39","author":"Chaaban","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bramhill, C., Langan, D., Mulryan, H., Eustace-Cook, J., Russell, A.M., and Brady, A.M. (2024). A Scoping Review of the Unmet Needs of Patients Diagnosed with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0297832"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp2304436","article-title":"Navigating and Communicating about Serious Illness and End of Life","volume":"390","author":"Jackson","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Korfage, I.J., Carreras, G., Arnfeldt Christensen, C.M., Billekens, P., Bramley, L., Briggs, L., Bulli, F., Caswell, G., \u010cerv, B., and van Delden, J.J.M. (2020). Advance Care Planning in Patients with Advanced Cancer: A 6-Country, Cluster-Randomised Clinical Trial. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003422"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2019.0077","article-title":"Effect of the Serious Illness Care Program in Outpatient Oncology: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"179","author":"Bernacki","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.1198","article-title":"Effects of a Palliative Care Intervention","volume":"302","author":"Bakitas","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.32.4459","article-title":"Longitudinal Perceptions of Prognosis and Goals of Therapy in Patients With Metastatic Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results of a Randomized Study of Early Palliative Care","volume":"29","author":"Temel","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1000678","article-title":"Early Palliative Care for Patients with Metastatic Non\u2013Small-Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"363","author":"Temel","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62416-2","article-title":"Early Palliative Care for Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Cluster-Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"383","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(17)30383-1","article-title":"Palliative Care in Interstitial Lung Disease: Living Well","volume":"5","author":"Kreuter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjspcare-2012-000263","article-title":"\u2018I Wish I Knew More \u2026\u2019 the End-of-Life Planning and Information Needs for End-Stage Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease: Views of Patients, Carers and Health Professionals","volume":"3","author":"Bajwah","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Support. Palliat. Care"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/02692163211059340","article-title":"Which Factors Influence the Quality of End-of-Life Care in Interstitial Lung Disease? A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis","volume":"36","author":"Palmer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1111\/imj.14856","article-title":"Investigation Burden for Patients with Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease at the End of Life","volume":"50","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intern. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201909-707OC","article-title":"Health Care Costs at the End of Life for Patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Evaluation of a Pilot Multidisciplinary Collaborative Interstitial Lung Disease Clinic","volume":"17","author":"Kalluri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091231194722","article-title":"The Impact of Integrated Palliative Care on Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A Retrospective Multicenter Comparison","volume":"41","author":"Bakal","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091221083575","article-title":"Impact of Palliative Care in End-of-Life of Fibrotic Interstitial Lung Disease Patients","volume":"39","author":"Chai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hosp. Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.3747\/co.27.6413","article-title":"Management of Dyspnea in Palliative Care","volume":"27","author":"Crombeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00432-0","article-title":"Morphine for Treatment of Cough in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (PACIFY COUGH): A Prospective, Multicentre, Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Two-Way Crossover Trial","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1177\/0269216319896955","article-title":"Practice Review: Evidence-Based and Effective Management of Pain in Patients with Advanced Cancer","volume":"34","author":"Chapman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Palliat. Med."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-022-02004-x","article-title":"Impact of End-of-Life Respiratory Modalities on Quality of Dying and Death and Symptom Relief in Patients with Interstitial Lung Disease: A Multicenter Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"23","author":"Koyauchi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/5\/213\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:36:41Z","timestamp":1760031401000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/5\/213"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]},"references-count":157,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm15050213"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15050213","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]]}}}