{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:37:22Z","timestamp":1760060242209,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Dyslexia and dysgraphia are common childhood neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by persistent reading and writing difficulties, despite normal intelligence and access to education. While typically described as cognitive\u2013linguistic deficits, emerging research suggests potential links to orofacial dysfunction and emotional regulation issues. This study examines associations between stomatognathic anomalies, emotional dysregulation, and early indicators of dyslexia-dysgraphia risk in preschool children, aiming to strengthen early screening and intervention strategies. Methods: A cross-sectional case\u2013control study included 689 Romanian children aged 5\u20137 from 11 kindergartens. Screening involved the ACTIV-BURLEA psychometric battery to evaluate language, motor, and cognitive abilities. Clinical assessments targeted dental arch form, occlusal balance, and tongue and lip function. Emotional regulation was evaluated using a standardized child behavior scale. Thirty-two children were identified as at risk for dyslexia-dysgraphia and followed longitudinally, and then compared to matched controls. Statistical analysis employed chi-square tests, Pearson correlations, t-tests, and logistic regression. Results: At follow-up, 74.19% of at-risk children received confirmed diagnoses. Tongue dysfunction (TD) (OR = 4.81, p = 0.06) and emotional dysregulation (ED) (OR = 3.94, p = 0.09) emerged as key risk indicators, though not statistically significant. Tongue dysfunction (TD) correlated with school avoidance (r = 0.76, p &lt; 0.01), while occlusal anomalies (OAs) correlated with emotional distress (ED) (r = 0.64, p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that early dyslexia-dysgraphia risk involves orofacial and emotional components. Tongue dysfunction (TD), occlusal disturbances (OA), and emotional dysregulation (ED) may offer important clinical markers. Integrating dental and emotional assessments into preschool screening may improve early identification and enable personalized intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15080369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring Dyslexia Risk Through Psycholinguistic and Orofacial Correlates: Neurodevelopmental Insights Toward a Personalized Medicine Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"\u0218tefan Lucian","family":"Burlea","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6914-0904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura Elisabeta","family":"Checheri\u0163\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1518-6090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ovidiu","family":"Stamatin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"V\u0103caru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dental Prosthetics Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ana Elena","family":"S\u00eerghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ioana","family":"Rudnic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Diana Andreea","family":"Ilinca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Violina","family":"Budu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Antonela","family":"Beldiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3rd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vasilica","family":"Toma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liana","family":"Aminov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2nd Dental Medicine Department, Faculty of Dental Medicine, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anamaria","family":"Ciubar\u0103","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatric Department, Faculty of General Medicine, \u201cDunarea de Jos\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935935","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.935935","article-title":"Identifying the risk of dyslexia in bilingual children: The potential of language-dependent and language-independent tasks","volume":"13","author":"Taha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Psychol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4103\/ipj.ipj_258_24","article-title":"Decoding dyslexia: Unravelling the intersection of policy implementation, educational practice, and awareness in India","volume":"34","author":"Sunil","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ind. Psychiatry J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen, T.Q., Martinez-Lincoln, A., and Cutting, L.E. (2022). Tracking familial history of reading and math difficulties in children\u2019s academic outcomes. Front. Psychol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.710380"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2329048X18798255","DOI":"10.1177\/2329048X18798255","article-title":"Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Reading Skills of Children and Adolescents with Dyslexia","volume":"5","author":"Rios","year":"2018","journal-title":"Child Neurol. Open."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Malocclusion\u2019s risk factors: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Kenza","year":"2025","journal-title":"Open Access Libr. J."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"12","article-title":"Oral rehabilitation of patients with Angle Class III malocclusion and teeth loss through a multidisciplinary approach, including orthognathic surgery and implant prosthetic rehabilitation","volume":"10","author":"Hakobyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Prosthodont. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2020.105118","article-title":"Infrastructure and household poverty in Brazil: A regional approach using multilevel models","volume":"137","author":"Medeiros","year":"2021","journal-title":"World Dev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fran\u00e7a, E.C.L., Albuquerque, L.C.A., Martinelli, R.L.C., Gon\u00e7alves, I.M.F., Souza, C.B., and Barbosa, M.A. (2020). Surface electromyographic analysis of the suprahyoid muscles in infants based on lingual frenulum attachment during breastfeeding. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pblic Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030859"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Proffit, W.R., Fields, H.W., Larson, B., and Sarver, D.M. (2018). Contemporary Orthodontics, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"46","article-title":"Short-term and long-term effects of a context-based vocabulary intervention for fifth-grade students with limited vocabulary knowledge","volume":"57","author":"Gellert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nydanske Sprogstud."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/joor.12971","article-title":"Is there association between dental malocclusion and bruxism? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"47","author":"Martins","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13324","article-title":"Annual Research Review: Reading disorders revisited\u2014The critical importance of oral language","volume":"62","author":"Snowling","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025416687412","article-title":"The development of emotional and behavioral self-regulation and their effects on academic achievement in childhood","volume":"42","author":"Edossa","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Behav. Dev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1007\/s10643-022-01333-2","article-title":"Using mindfulness-based interventions to support self-regulation in young children: A review of the literature","volume":"51","author":"Bockmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Child. Educ. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanan, Z., Liu, Q., Xie, X., Jiang, Q., Zhu, K., Xiao, P., Wu, X., Zuo, P., and Song, R. (2022). The prevalence and associated risk factors of children with reading disabilities in a multiethnic city: A cross-sectional study. Front. Pediatr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.864175"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1177\/0731948720931870","article-title":"Early Detection of Dyslexia Risk: Development of Brief, Teacher-Administered Screens","volume":"44","author":"Fletcher","year":"2021","journal-title":"Learn. Disabil. Q."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-021-02255-2","article-title":"Neural patterns of word processing differ in children with dyslexia and isolated spelling deficit","volume":"226","author":"Banfi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Struct. Funct."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579416000134","article-title":"Child and environmental risk factors predicting readiness for learning in children at high risk of dyslexia","volume":"29","author":"Dilnot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychopathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70048","DOI":"10.1111\/desc.70048","article-title":"Language and beyond: A registered report examining single and multiple risk models of later reading comprehension weaknesses","volume":"28","author":"James","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dev. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casalini, C., and Pecini, C. (2024). Telerehabilitation of developmental dyslexia: Critical considerations on intervention methods and their effectiveness. Brain Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14080793"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2017.08.038","article-title":"How many deficits in the same dyslexic brains? A behavioural and fMRI assessment of comorbidity in adult dyslexics","volume":"97","author":"Danelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2020.01543","article-title":"Recent update on reading disability (dyslexia) focused on neurobiology","volume":"64","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"97","article-title":"Specific Learning Disorders and Reading","volume":"6","author":"Ferraz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Stud."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.11.001","article-title":"Beyond the ACE score: Examining relationships between timing of developmental adversity, relational health and developmental outcomes in children","volume":"33","author":"Hambrick","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moehler, E., Brunner, R., and Sharp, C. (2022). Editorial: Emotional Dysregulation in Children and Adolescents. Front. Psychiatry, 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.883753"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1037\/dev0001080","article-title":"Early maternal language input and classroom instructional quality in relation to children\u2019s literacy trajectories from pre-kindergarten through fifth grade","volume":"58","author":"Carr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4140","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhaa038","article-title":"A lifespan fMRI study of neurodevelopment associated with reading Chinese","volume":"30","author":"Siok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2020.10.025","article-title":"The role of the superior parietal lobule in lexical processing of sign language: Insights from fMRI and TMS","volume":"135","author":"Banaszkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e2021056040","article-title":"It\u2019s a myth that young children cannot be screened for dyslexia!","volume":"149","author":"Gaab","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12177","DOI":"10.1002\/jcv2.12177","article-title":"Heterogeneity in children\u2019s reading comprehension difficulties: A latent class approach","volume":"3","author":"James","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCPP Adv."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"b336","article-title":"Orton-Gillingham approach: Its effects on the reading ability of grade two pupils","volume":"9","author":"Valde","year":"2024","journal-title":"SSRN Electron. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baschenis, I.M.C., Farinotti, L., Zavani, E., Grumi, S., Bernasconi, P., Rosso, E., Provenzi, L., Borgatti, R., Termine, C., and Chiappedi, M. (2021). Reading Skills of Children with Dyslexia Improved Less Than Expected during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Italy. Children, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/children8070560"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Militi, A., Bonanno, M., and Calabr\u00f2, R.S. (2023). It Is Time for a Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation Approach: A Scoping Review on Stomatognathic Diseases in Neurological Disorders. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12103528"},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Burlea, G., and Milici, R.C. (2008). Comprehensive Program for Preparing Children for School Start: Exercises for the Formation and Development of School Skills, Polirom Publishing House."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Burlea, G., Burlea, M., Milici, R.C., Burlea, A., Zanfirache, A., and Mereu\u0163\u0103, M. (2011). Explanatory Dictionary of Speech Therapy, Polirom Publishing House. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1177\/14707853221137459","article-title":"The philosophical and methodological guidelines for ethical online ethnography","volume":"65","author":"Hair","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Market Res."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"CD012490","article-title":"Speech and language therapy interventions for children with primary speech and\/or language disorders","volume":"2017","author":"Law","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.11648\/j.sjedu.20190704.11","article-title":"An Overview of Dyslexia: Definition, Characteristics, Assessment, Identification, and Intervention","volume":"7","author":"Roitsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. J. Educ."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"S61","article-title":"It\u2019s Time to Be Scientific About Dyslexia. Special Issue Part 1: The Science of Reading Supports, Critiques, and Questions","volume":"55","author":"Elliott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Lit. Assoc."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/8\/369\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:25:46Z","timestamp":1760034346000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/8\/369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm15080369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15080369","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]}}}