{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:15:31Z","timestamp":1793121331166,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Research and Graduate Studies, King Khalid University","award":["RGP.2\/735\/46"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP.2\/735\/46"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vestibular migraine is a frequently underdiagnosed cause of dizziness in adult females, often overlapping clinically with other vestibular and neurological conditions. Despite its recognition in diagnostic criteria, limited data exist on its prevalence and functional impact in women presenting with dizziness in clinical settings. This study assesses the frequency and diagnostic rate of vestibular migraine among females aged 20\u201350 years presenting with dizziness and evaluates its impact on quality of life and work productivity. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted, which included 196 female patients reporting dizziness who were evaluated. Vestibular migraine was diagnosed using ICHD-3 criteria. Functional impact was assessed using the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI) and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment (WPAI) questionnaire. Group comparisons and regression analyses were conducted using SPSS version 24. Results: Vestibular migraine was diagnosed in 84 participants, yielding a prevalence rate of 42.86% (95% CI: 36.13\u201349.86%). Compared to non-migraine participants, those with vestibular migraine had longer dizziness duration (37.62 \u00b1 11.34 vs. 24.58 \u00b1 10.49 min, p = 0.032), higher DHI (58.34 \u00b1 15.62 vs. 32.76 \u00b1 14.83, p &lt; 0.001) and WPAI scores (42.19 \u00b1 13.45 vs. 23.47 \u00b1 12.90, p &lt; 0.001), and more missed workdays. Regression analysis identified vestibular migraine, poor sleep, anxiety\/depression, and BMI as significant predictors of work impairment. Conclusions: Vestibular migraine is a prevalent and functionally disabling condition among women with dizziness, underscoring the importance of systematic diagnosis and multidisciplinary management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15080378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]],"date-time":"2025-08-14T15:16:37Z","timestamp":1755184597000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Personalized Diagnosis and Functional Impact of Vestibular Migraine in Women Aged 20\u201350: Cross-Sectional Analysis from Neurotology Clinic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6367-1317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khalid A.","family":"Alahmari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A Physical Therapy Program, Department of Medical Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Medical Applied Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Alshehri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1177\/01945998211004245","article-title":"Dizziness diagnostic pathways: Factors impacting setting, provider, and diagnosis at presentation","volume":"166","author":"Adams","year":"2022","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e070750","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2022-070750","article-title":"Pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of endometriosis","volume":"379","author":"Horne","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-220201","article-title":"Acute unilateral vestibulopathy\/vestibular neuritis: Diagnostic criteria: Consensus document of the committee for the classification of vestibular disorders of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society","volume":"32","author":"Strupp","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frilling, M., and Mowry, S. (2023). The Otologic Mimicker: Vestibular and Auditory Symptoms. Third Mobile Window Syndrome of the Inner Ear: Superior Semicircular Canal Dehiscence and Associated Disorders, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-16586-3_5"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-05872-9","article-title":"Update on diagnosis and differential diagnosis of vestibular migraine","volume":"43","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levin, M. (2022). Classification and diagnosis of primary headache disorders. Seminars in Neurology, Thieme Medical Publishers.","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1954-3937"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-024-00631-8","article-title":"Photophobia and Visual Triggers in Vestibular Migraine","volume":"13","author":"Zou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1177\/00034894211007233","article-title":"Migraine features in patients with persistent postural-perceptual dizziness","volume":"130","author":"Sarna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-022-07366-y","article-title":"Depression scores and quality of life of vertiginous patients, suffering from different vestibular disorders","volume":"279","author":"Maihoub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-009-0149-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of vertigo, migraine and vestibular migraine","volume":"256","author":"Lempert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2008.11.004","article-title":"Vestibular migraine","volume":"27","author":"Neuhauser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurol. Clin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karabulut, M., Avci, H., Yal\u00e7\u0131nkaya, E., Kimman, M., Viechtbauer, W., Mohamad, A., Van Rompaey, V., Guinand, N., Fornos, A.P., and \u00d6zl\u00fco\u011flu, L. (2025). Chronic unilateral vestibular hypofunction: A qualitative study exploring the full spectrum of symptoms and impacts through the ICF framework. Front. Neurol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1589404"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karabulut, M., Viechtbauer, W., Van Laer, L., Mohamad, A., Van Rompaey, V., Guinand, N., Perez Fornos, A., Gerards, M.-C., and van de Berg, R. (2024). Chronic Unilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Insights into Etiologies, Clinical Subtypes, Diagnostics and Quality of Life. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13185381"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3233\/VES-201644","article-title":"Vestibular migraine: Diagnostic criteria (Update) Consensus document of the B\u00e1r\u00e1ny Society and the International Headache Society","volume":"32","author":"Lempert","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Vestib. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-024-00640-2","article-title":"Video head impulse test (vHIT) versus videonystagmography (VNG) in migraine with dizziness","volume":"40","author":"Elkawy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1080\/14992027.2023.2220909","article-title":"Accuracy of automated pure-tone audiometry in population-based samples of older adults","volume":"63","author":"Hoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Audiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s43163-025-00832-4","article-title":"Translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the HEAR-COMMAND Tool\u2013Arabic: A self-rated ICF-based questionnaire for assessing hearing, communication, and conversation disability in Arabic-speaking populations","volume":"41","author":"Alfakir","year":"2025","journal-title":"Egypt. J. Otolaryngol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Fusco, M., Cappelleri, J.C., Anatale-Tardiff, L., Coetzer, H., Yehoshua, A., Alvarez, M.B., Allen, K.E., Porter, T.M., Puzniak, L., and Cha-Silva, A.S. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 infection on health-related quality of life, work productivity and activity impairment by symptom-based long COVID status and age in the US. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11202790"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2022.2132728","article-title":"Relationships between the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and vertigo outcome","volume":"45","author":"Du","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-025-00720-2","article-title":"Menopause, perimenopause, and migraine: Understanding the intersections and implications for treatment","volume":"14","author":"Grandi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2009.09.002","article-title":"Risk factors and impacts of incident tinnitus in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Gopinath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaski, D., Bamiou, D.E., Bronstein, A., and Koohi, N. (2024). Neuro-Otology: Dizziness, Balance and Hearing. Neurol. A Queen Sq. Textb., 797\u2013838.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119715672.ch23"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Silva, R.S., Arantes, M., and Costa, M. (2007, January 16\u201320). Oculomotor palsy and acute viral sinusitis. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Meeting of the European Neurological Society, Rhodes, Greece."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Mayes, W.P. (2022). The Nature and Influence of Sensory Processing Deficits in Developmental Coordination Disorder. [Ph.D. Thesis, University of Surrey]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villar-Martinez, M.D., and Goadsby, P.J. (2022). Pathophysiology and therapy of associated features of migraine. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11172767"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2023.0313","article-title":"Different aspects of aging in migraine","volume":"14","author":"Fila","year":"2023","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallampalli, M.P., Rizk, H.G., Kheradmand, A., Beh, S.C., Abouzari, M., Bassett, A.M., Buskirk, J., Ceriani, C.E., Crowson, M.G., and Djalilian, H. (2022). Care gaps and recommendations in vestibular migraine: An expert panel summit. Front. Neurol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.812678"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Haro Hern\u00e1ndez, E. (2024). Clinical Characterization and Molecular Genetics of Vestibular Migraine Patients. [Ph.D. Thesis, Universidad de Granada]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1177\/0145561319881838","article-title":"Conservative treatment possibilities of M\u00e9ni\u00e8re disease, involving vertigo diaries","volume":"100","author":"Maihoub","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ear Nose Throat J."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000003081","article-title":"Subjective cognitive symptoms and dizziness handicap inventory (DHI) performance in patients with vestibular migraine and Meni\u00e8re\u2019s disease","volume":"42","author":"Chari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Otol. Neurotol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001405","article-title":"Item Level Psychometrics of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory in Vestibular Migraine and Meniere\u2019s Disease","volume":"45","author":"Rizk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-023-00552-4","article-title":"Validation and meaningful within-patient change in work productivity and activity impairment questionnaire (WPAI) for episodic or chronic migraine","volume":"7","author":"Ford","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Patient-Rep. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, L.J., Wilkinson, D., Bodani, M., and Surenthiran, S. (2024). Cognition in vestibular disorders: State of the field, challenges, and priorities for the future. Front. Neurol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1159174"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.3390\/audiolres14050065","article-title":"Psychiatric Comorbidities and Quality of Life in Patients with Vestibular Migraine and Migraine without Vertigo: A Cross-Sectional Study from a Tertiary Clinic","volume":"14","author":"Sunara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Audiol. Res."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/8\/378\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:27:43Z","timestamp":1760034463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/8\/378"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm15080378"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15080378","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,14]]}}}