{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:10:08Z","timestamp":1790982608065,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Sexuality in women with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) undergoing radical treatment represents a crucial aspect of their overall quality of life, which is increasingly recognized as a key component of patient-centered care and long-term well-being. This review aimed to analyze the available literature to provide a comprehensive overview of the effects of treatments on female sexual function. Methods: We included all qualitative and quantitative studies addressing sexual function in patients treated for MIBC. Excluded were narrative reviews, case reports, conference abstracts, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. The included studies involved women undergoing either robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) or open RC (ORC), often with nerve-sparing, vaginal-sparing, or pelvic organ-preserving techniques. Data on oncological and functional outcomes were collected. Results: A systematic review of 29 studies including 1755 women was conducted. RC was performed via robotic\/laparoscopic approaches in 39% of cases and open techniques in 61%. Urinary diversions included orthotopic neobladders (48%), ileal conduits (42%), ureterocutaneostomies (3%), and Indiana pouches (7%). Radiotherapy, used in 6% of patients, was mainly applied in a curative, trimodal setting. Sexual function was evaluated using various pre- and\/or postoperative questionnaires, most commonly the EORTC QLQ-C22, FACT-BL, Bladder Cancer Index (BCI), LENT SOMA, and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI). Radiotherapy was associated with reduced sexual function, though outcomes were somewhat better than with surgery. Among surgical approaches, no differences in sexual outcomes were observed. Conclusions: Further qualitative research is essential to better understand the experience of FSD after treatment. Incorporating both patient and clinician perspectives will be key to developing tailored interventions. In addition, efforts should be made to standardize the questionnaires used to assess female sexual dysfunction, in order to improve comparability across studies and ensure consistent evaluation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15090415","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T12:04:28Z","timestamp":1756814668000},"page":"415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Female Sexual Function After Radical Treatment for MIBC: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2119-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Pio","family":"Bizzarri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7412-1214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Campetella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore Marco","family":"Recupero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Bellavia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"D\u2019Amico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9994-4316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Gavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Filomena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, University Unilink, 00165 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3861-3545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Palermo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0464-0788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazario","family":"Foschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Totaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Ragonese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Chiara","family":"Sighinolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9129-8479","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Racioppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4640-8354","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Sacco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Ospedale Isola Tiberina-Gemelli Isola, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Rocco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1177\/03915603241240644","article-title":"Elderly and bladder cancer: The role of radical cystectomy and orthotopic urinary 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