{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:25:50Z","timestamp":1787167550652,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756771200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"AG. Pharma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The global burden of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) continues to rise, with up to 50% of patients experiencing extraintestinal manifestations. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are of particular concern, ranking as the second leading cause of mortality in this population. Despite a comparatively lower prevalence of traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, the persistent inflammatory milieu and immune dysregulation inherent to IBD may contribute to heightened CVD risk. In this study, following a review of the current literature, an ongoing prospective trial designed to clarify CV risk profiles in IBD patients is detailed. Methods: A cohort of patients with IBD is being enrolled for comprehensive baseline evaluation of CV risk factors, lifestyle metrics, and disease characteristics. The incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) will be tracked and contrasted with a gender- and age-matched non-IBD cohort over a 2-year follow-up period. In cases of MACE occurrence, a multi-omics analysis\u2014including genomic, proteomic, transcriptomic, and microbiome profiling\u2014will be performed, along with a parallel evaluation in matched IBD controls without MACE. An artificial intelligence (AI) framework will support the analysis of this complex dataset. Results: To date, over 150 patients with IBD have been enrolled, and detailed phenotypic data and biological samples have been collected. Conclusions: We aim to introduce an IBD-specific correction factor for existing CV risk scores upon study completion. This is particularly relevant for individuals under 40 years of age, who are often inadequately assessed by current risk stratification models<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15090418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]],"date-time":"2025-09-02T15:02:57Z","timestamp":1756825377000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Cardiovascular Complications Are Increased in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Path Toward Achievement of a Personalized Risk Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0082-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vito","family":"Annese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Vita & Salute, San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Laura","family":"Annunziata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5015-0347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guglielmo Albertini","family":"Petroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Cinque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marzio","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Therapy, University of Pavia, Via Adolfo Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Biamonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Vita & Salute, San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9395-5468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Dell\u2019Anna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Gastroenterology, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic, San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Vita & Salute, San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, 20132 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Latiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Endoscopy, Fondazione IRCCS \u201cCasa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u201d, San Giovanni Rotondo, 71013 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-7063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serenella","family":"Castelvecchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Prevention, I.R.C.C.S. San Donato Policlinic,  San Donato Milanese, 20097 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32448-0","article-title":"Worldwide incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the 21st century: A systematic review of population-based study","volume":"390","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(23)00003-1","article-title":"The cost of inflammatory bowel disease in high-income settings: A Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology Commission","volume":"8","author":"Burisch","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol. 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