{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T14:01:17Z","timestamp":1784988077983,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Splenic artery embolization (SAE) has emerged as a key adjunct to non-operative management (NOM) in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt splenic trauma, yet variability in its application persists across centers. Objectives: The aim was to evaluate real-life clinical practices, techniques, and outcomes of SAE in blunt splenic trauma across multiple Italian trauma centers. Materials and Methods: This retrospective multicenter study analyzed data from 281 patients undergoing emergency SAE for blunt splenic trauma between January 2019 and December 2021. Demographics, imaging findings, embolization techniques, complications, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess predictors of splenectomy. Results: The technical success rate was 100%, with a 9.6% rate of post-embolization splenectomy and a complication rate of 24.9% (including 5.7% splenic infarction and 3.2% rebleeding). Embolization was performed proximally (46.6%), distally (28.8%), or with a combined approach (24.6%). No significant correlation was found between embolization technique and splenectomy rate. Patients with AAST grade III injuries benefited from SAE with high technical success and low failure rates. Notably, 14.2% of patients underwent angiography despite negative CT, with a splenectomy rate of 10% in this subgroup. Multivariate analysis identified no independent predictors of splenectomy. Conclusions: SAE is a reliable and effective tool in the management of blunt splenic trauma, achieving high splenic salvage rates even in selected grade III injuries and CT-negative patients. In an era of precision medicine, interventional radiology should be regarded as a distinct and specific treatment modality, comparable to surgery, rather than being merely included within non-operative management (NOM).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15090420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T08:04:15Z","timestamp":1756886655000},"page":"420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Real-World Outcomes of Splenic Artery Embolization in Blunt Splenic Trauma: Insights from an Italian Multicenter Cohort"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2593-8148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabio","family":"Corvino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Department, AORN \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Giurazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Department, AORN \u201cA. Cardarelli\u201d, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8701-2044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello Andrea","family":"Tipaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences and Translational Medicine, Sapienza-University of Rome, 00189 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2167-3250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tommaso","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiological Sciences, Oncology and Pathology, Policlinico Umberto I Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155 Sapienza, 00161 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7247-0821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Daviddi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Radiologia Interventistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisa A.O.U.P., 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Orsola","family":"Perrone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Radiologia Interventistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisa A.O.U.P., 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0026-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilaria","family":"Ambrosini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UO Radiologia Interventistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisa A.O.U.P., 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"D\u2019addato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, P.za Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Villanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azienda Ospedaliero-Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, P.za Giulio Cesare, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4935-8110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Marra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, AAST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco Saverio","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, AAST Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, 24127 Bergamo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Vizzuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Smaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Radiology Unit, Morgagni-Pierantoni Hospital, AUSL Romagna, 47121 Forl\u00ec, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2500-5110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Rita","family":"Scrofani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncologic Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2791-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Iezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Oncologic Radiotherapy and Hematology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-8663","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Discalzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Radiology, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Calandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-0620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Femia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlo","family":"Valenti Pittino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruggero","family":"Vercelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interventional Radiology Unit, ASST Santi Paolo Carlo, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0487-5563","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Falsaperla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonello","family":"Basile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies \u201cGF Ingrassia\u201d, University Hospital Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0275-6349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Maggiore Hospital \u201cC. A. Pizzardi\u201d, 40133 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Gasperini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Unit, Maggiore Hospital \u201cC. A. 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