{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T12:08:10Z","timestamp":1783339690104,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756857600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Actinic keratosis (AK) is considered the early phase of a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and represents one of the most common epithelial skin lesions, with an estimated global prevalence of approximately 14%. An estimated annual risk of progression has been reported with a range from 0 to 0.53%. Although spontaneous regression of individual AK lesions has been described in approximately 23% of cases, the frequent presence of multiple lesions, usually in the broader context of field cancerization, significantly diminishes the likelihood of regression and contributes to a higher cumulative risk of progression to SCC. The aim of the present narrative review was to provide an overview of the current evidence of the most effective available lesion-directed and field-directed treatments for actinic keratoses, on the personalized, combined, or sequential approach, as well as on the emerging therapeutic options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15090421","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,3]],"date-time":"2025-09-03T12:07:32Z","timestamp":1756901252000},"page":"421","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The State of the Art in the Treatment of Actinic Keratosis and Field Cancerization: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Paradisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Bocchino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli\u2014IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-7951","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Mannino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia Traslazionale, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"UOC di Dermatologia, Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche e Chirurgiche, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. 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