{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:43:17Z","timestamp":1760060597270,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757030400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Irvine\u2013Gass syndrome (IGS) is a macular edema that is mostly observed after cataract surgery, also known as pseudophakic cystoid macular edema (PCME). To date, there are still no standardized guidelines for its treatment. Background\/Objectives: This study aimed to compare the efficacy of local and systemic treatments on the resolution of Irvine\u2013Gass Syndrome as well as the therapeutic outcomes of patients with known risk factors such as diabetes and arterial hypertension in order to be able to personalize treatment regimens for each patient. Methods: A total of 136 eyes were followed for a mean of 9.7 \u00b1 15.2 months, with patients divided as follows: those who received only local treatment (LT), those who received systemic treatment (ST), those with cardiovascular diseases (CV), and those without cardiovascular diseases (NCV). We compared the time from the diagnosis of IGS to fully recovered edema (no sub- or intraretinal fluid), central subfield thickness (CST, as evaluated using optical coherence tomography), visual acuity (VA), and intraocular pressure (IOD) in each group. The time from diagnosis to resolution was measured from the initiation of therapy to the full resolution of edema. Results: A total of 136 eyes were examined. The mean CST significantly decreased in the LT (n = 75) (458.3 \u00b1 96.5 \u00b5m to 320 \u00b1 39.5 \u00b5m (p &lt; 0.01)) and ST (n = 61) groups (519.3 \u00b1 121.6 \u00b5m to 337.2 \u00b1 70.6 \u00b5m (p &lt; 0.01)) from baseline to 12 months, with no significant difference (p = 0.92). The mean VA significantly increased in both groups from baseline to 12 months (LT: 69.1 \u00b1 11.9 to 80.4 \u00b1 6.6 letters (p &lt; 0.01); ST: 65.1 \u00b1 11.8 to 78.5 \u00b1 6.8 letters (p &lt; 0.01)). The mean time to the resolution of edema was significantly shorter in the LT group (p &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in the CST decrease, VA gain, or time to edema resolution between the CV and NCV patients. Conclusions: In regard to the non-inferiority of local treatment, a personalized approach for each patient should be considered, and systemic treatment must be critically evaluated to determine possible side effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15090428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]],"date-time":"2025-09-05T12:18:18Z","timestamp":1757074698000},"page":"428","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Irvine\u2013Gass Syndrome Personalized Treatment Outcomes: A Retrospective Single-Center Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Tomaschek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vista Augenklinik Binningen, 4102 Binningen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vista Augenklinik Z\u00fcrich, 8001 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Katamay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vista Augenklinik Binningen, 4102 Binningen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Stocker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Z\u00fcrcher Hochschule f\u00fcr Angewandte Wissenschaften, 8021 Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asan","family":"Kochkorov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vista Augenklinik Binningen, 4102 Binningen, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2807-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katja","family":"Hatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vista Augenklinik Binningen, 4102 Binningen, Switzerland"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orski, M., and Gawecki, M. 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