{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:23:35Z","timestamp":1790522615665,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759363200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Depressive spectrum disorders are considered among the most common in the general population. Major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder (or dysthymia) are the most recognized, but other depressive disorders exist with varying or no specificity. The main difference between major depressive disorder and dysthymia lies in the duration and intensity of symptoms. Improving our understanding of its etiology and pathogenesis must be a priority for health and safety. Given the complexity of the evidence in the literature, it was deemed useful to provide a comprehensive summary of the neuroanatomical dysfunctions currently identified, with particular attention to the anterior and medial cingulate cortex, dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, insula, amygdala, and hippocampus. Significant neural network alterations include hyperconnectivity of the default mode network (DMN), impairment of the executive control network (ECN), and dysfunction of the salience network (Salience Network). Neurophysiological markers reveal frontal alpha asymmetries and front-striatal metabolic alterations. Studying neural correlates is essential to deepen our understanding of the depressive spectrum and the development of personalized therapeutic interventions, including noninvasive neurostimulation techniques and target-specific pharmacological therapies, opening new avenues for translational research in neuropsychiatric settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15100478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]],"date-time":"2025-10-02T15:07:48Z","timestamp":1759417668000},"page":"478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Neuroanatomical and Functional Correlates in Depressive Spectrum: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0229-5562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulio","family":"Perrotta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza Mattei 10, 00186 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Institute for the Study of Psychotherapies (ISP), Via San Martino Della Battaglia 31, 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0208-6322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna Sara","family":"Liberati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology, Universit\u00e0 Telematica Internazionale \u201cUninettuno\u201d, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8416-2845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"Eleuteri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human and Social Sciences, Universitas Mercatorum, Piazza Mattei 10, 00186 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. 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