{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:20Z","timestamp":1787028740794,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Mucins, particularly MUC1, are involved in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases. In chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), altered mucin expression may contribute to chronic inflammation and tissue remodeling. However, the specific role of MUC1 in CRSwNP and its correlation with clinical severity and inflammatory pathway remains unclear. Objective: We aimed to evaluate the MUC-1 expression in nasal polyps of patients with CRSwNP and to assess the correlation of MUC-1 expression and disease severity, according to Clinical-Cytological Grading (CCG). Methods: Eighteen consecutive patients with CRSwNP who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) were enrolled. A double-label immunofluorescence was performed to evaluate the expression of MUC-1, CD15 and Tryptase and their eventual co-localization on histological samples. Double-positive MUC-1+CD15+ and MUC-1+Tryptase+ inflammatory cells were counted by confocal microscopy. Results: MUC1 was expressed in all samples, with a significantly increasing expression in relation to CCG (p &lt; 0.001). A significant co-localization between MUC1 and CD15+ eosinophils was observed, with a progressive increase in the number of double-positive cells from low to high CCG (p &lt; 0.001). On the contrary, the co-localization between MUC1 and Tryptase+ mast cells was not significant, although both markers showed a higher expression in cases with high CCG (p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: A strong correlation between CRSwNP severity and MUC-1 expression, mainly colocalized with infiltrating eosinophils, was shown. This offers a promising perspective for the use of MUC-1 as a biomarker of CRSwNP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15110547","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T13:51:08Z","timestamp":1762782668000},"page":"547","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Role of MUC1 in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps (CRSwNP): The Correlation with Disease Severity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5082-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rossana","family":"Giancaspro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3495-2707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe Stefano","family":"Netti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6529-7972","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federica","family":"De Luca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Camporeale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8941-9312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Catalano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Cassano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4996-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ranieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Clinical Pathology, Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matteo","family":"Gelardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Otolaryngology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Via Luigi Pinto 1, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00079-5","article-title":"Airway mucin MUC5AC and MUC5B concentrations and the initiation and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: An analysis of the SPIROMICS cohort","volume":"9","author":"Radicioni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobayashi, Y., Hanh, C.H., Yagi, N., Le, N.K.T., Yun, Y., Shimamura, A., Fukui, K., Mitani, A., Suzuki, K., and Kanda, A. (2024). CCL4 Affects Eosinophil Survival via the Shedding of the MUC1 N-Terminal Domain in Airway Inflammation. Cells, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14010033"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2019.05.009","article-title":"Associations Between Inflammatory Endotypes and Clinical Presentations in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"7","author":"Stevens","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.627","article-title":"Impact of Dupilumab on Sinonasal Symptoms and Outcomes in Severe Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps","volume":"170","author":"Hopkins","year":"2024","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3897\/folmed.63.e55256","article-title":"Application of SNOT-22 test and visual analogue scale in quality of life evaluation in patients with allergic rhinitis","volume":"63","author":"Vlaykov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Folia Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1111\/all.15650","article-title":"European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology position paper on endoscopic scoring of nasal polyposis","volume":"78","author":"Gevaert","year":"2023","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.waojou.2023.100776","article-title":"Meaningful changes for efficacy outcomes in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps","volume":"16","author":"Braid","year":"2023","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.14639\/0392-100X-N1699","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: How to identify eligible patients for biologics in clinical practice","volume":"42","author":"Gelardi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Otorhinolaryngol. Ital."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"19458924211049867","article-title":"Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP): The correlation between expression of Galectin-10 and Clinical-Cytological Grading (CCG)","volume":"36","author":"Gelardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Rhinol. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2019.05.041","article-title":"Natural inhibitors on airway mucin: Molecular insight into the therapeutic potential targeting MUC5AC expression and production","volume":"231","author":"Samsuzzaman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-020-00958-w","article-title":"Expression and Clinical Significance of Mucin Gene in Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"20","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin19.410","article-title":"European position paper on diagnostic tools in rhinology","volume":"57","author":"Rimmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abrami, M., Biasin, A., Tescione, F., Tierno, D., Dapas, B., Carbone, A., Grassi, G., Conese, M., Di Gioia, S., and Larobina, D. (2024). Mucus Structure, Viscoelastic Properties, and Composition in Chronic Respiratory Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25031933"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22857","article-title":"Role of fern test in rhinosinusitis","volume":"11","author":"Gelardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Forum Allergy Rhinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1813799","article-title":"Muco-Obstructive Lung Diseases","volume":"380","author":"Boucher","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Popov, G., Aleksandrov, R., Petkova, V., Kaneva, R., Gergova, R., Kundurzhiev, T., and Popova, D. (2023). Analysis of Bacterial Biofilm Formation and MUC5AC and MUC5B Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patients. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051808"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2014.187","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of pediatric sinonasal secretions shows increased MUC5B mucin in CRS","volume":"77","author":"Saieg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bachert, C., Hicks, A., Gane, S., Peters, A.T., Gevaert, P., Nash, S., Horowitz, J.E., Sacks, H., and Jacob-Nara, J.A. (2024). The interleukin-4\/interleukin-13 pathway in type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356298"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200149","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0149-2020","article-title":"The role of mucin 1 in respiratory diseases","volume":"30","author":"Ballester","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dhar, P., and McAuley, J. (2019). The Role of the Cell Surface Mucin MUC1 as a Barrier to Infection and Regulator of Inflammation. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00117"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2016.04.017","article-title":"IL-22\/IL-22R1 signaling regulates the pathophysiology of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps via alteration of MUC1 expression","volume":"66","author":"Noyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-023-02550-y","article-title":"MUC1 attenuates neutrophilic airway inflammation in asthma by reducing NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis through the inhibition of the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB pathway","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28148","article-title":"MUC1 downregulation promotes TNF-\u03b1-induced necroptosis in human bronchial epithelial cells via regulation of the RIPK1\/RIPK3 pathway","volume":"234","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0169TR","article-title":"MUC1 Mucin","volume":"39","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.30692","article-title":"Predictive Value of Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Nasal Secretions in Eosinophilic Chronic Rhinosinusitis","volume":"133","author":"Jin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucarelli, G., Netti, G.S., Rutigliano, M., Lasorsa, F., Loizzo, D., Milella, M., Schirinzi, A., Fontana, A., Di Serio, F., and Tamma, R. (2023). MUC1 Expression Affects the Immunoflogosis in Renal Cell Carcinoma Microenvironment through Complement System Activation and Immune Infiltrate Modulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054814"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07092-9","article-title":"Mast cell heparanase promotes breast cancer stem-like features via MUC1\/estrogen receptor axis","volume":"15","author":"Bongiorno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beatson, R., Graham, R., Grundland Freile, F., Cozzetto, D., Kannambath, S., Pfeifer, E., Woodman, N., Owen, J., Nuamah, R., and Mandel, U. (2020). Cancer-associated hypersialylated MUC1 drives the differentiation of human monocytes into macrophages with a pathogenic phenotype. Commun. Biol., 3.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01359-5"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clbc.2021.08.010","article-title":"Controversial role of mast cells in breast cancer tumor progression and angiogenesis","volume":"21","author":"Ribatti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Breast Cancer"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelardi, M., Giancaspro, R., Duda, L., Quaranta, V.N., Pizzulli, C., Maiorano, E., Di Canio, F.M., Ruzza, A., Iannuzzi, L., and Quaranta, N.A.A. (2023). Eosinophil-mast cell pattern of intraepithelial infiltration as a marker of severity in CRSwNP. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39149-8"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/11\/547\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]],"date-time":"2025-11-10T14:12:55Z","timestamp":1762783975000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/15\/11\/547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm15110547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm15110547","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,10]]}}}