{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:19Z","timestamp":1787028739828,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The management of complex hepato-pancreato-biliary (HPB) pathologies demands exceptional surgical precision. Traditional two-dimensional imaging has limitations in depicting intricate anatomical relationships, potentially complicating preoperative planning. This review explores the synergistic application of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction and artificial intelligence (AI) to support surgical decision-making in complex HPB cases. Methods: This narrative review synthesized the existing literature on the applications, benefits, limitations, and implementation challenges of 3D reconstruction and AI technologies in HPB surgery. Results: The literature suggests that 3D reconstruction provides patient-specific, interactive models that significantly improve surgeons\u2019 understanding of tumor resectability and vascular anatomy, contributing to reduced operative time and blood loss. Building upon this, AI algorithms can automate image segmentation for 3D modeling, enhance diagnostic accuracy, and offer predictive analytics for postoperative complications, such as liver failure. By analyzing large datasets, AI can identify subtle risk factors to guide clinical decision-making. Conclusions: The convergence of 3D visualization and AI-driven analytics is contributing to an emerging paradigm shift in HPB surgery. This combination may foster a more personalized, precise, and data-informed surgical approach, particularly in anatomically complex or high-risk cases. However, current evidence is heterogeneous and largely observational, underscoring the need for prospective multicenter validation before routine implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15120610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Artificial Intelligence and 3D Reconstruction in Complex Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Surgery: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4543-5898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Panagakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6743-8942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioannis","family":"Katsaros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Sotiropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Surgery, Evaggelismos General Hospital of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0272-3259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Mylonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5836-7070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Markos","family":"Despotidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7213-6612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aristeidis","family":"Sourgiadakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6427-8798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Sakarellos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9496-2099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stylianos","family":"Kapiris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Third Department of Surgery, Evaggelismos General Hospital of Athens, 10676 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5443-1058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysovalantis","family":"Vergadis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7046-0112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Schizas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evangelos","family":"Felekouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7357-6532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michail","family":"Vailas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Surgery, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2613","DOI":"10.1097\/JS9.0000000000002231","article-title":"Virtual 3D Models, Augmented Reality Systems and Virtual Laparoscopic Simulations In Complicated Pancreatic Surgeries: State of Art, Future Perspectives, and Challenges","volume":"111","author":"Franco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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