{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T16:02:31Z","timestamp":1765209751333,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aim: Preoperative planning and in-office patient education are essential elements of clinical management in patients afflicted with hand injuries. Three-dimensional (3D) printing aims to tackle these challenges by converting feedstock material into solid replicas. The purpose of this study was to review the clinical uses for 3D printing in hand surgery to identify approaches for delivering more personalized treatment strategies. Method: A systematic review was completed following PRISMA guidelines using Medline, Embase, and CINAHL databases, identifying studies published between 2013 and January 2025. A two-stage screening process, involving title, abstract, and full text reviews, was performed independently by two reviewers. Eligible studies included those involving patients with hand or wrist injuries (up to the distal radius) where 3D printing was utilized for diagnosis, surgical intervention, or rehabilitation. Results: The review included 751 patients (mean age: 38 years, range: 5\u201381 years) across 58 studies. The distal radius was the most commonly studied anatomical region (47%, N = 27), followed by the scaphoid (19%, N = 11). Key applications of 3D printing included preoperative planning (19%, N = 11), patient education (5%, N = 3), medical training (7%, N = 4), intra-operative assistance (38%, N = 22), splinting and casting (19%, N = 11), and prothesis and functional reconstruction (12%, N = 7). Conclusions: Despite its early stage of adoption in hand surgery, 3D printing has shown advantages, especially in enabling more personalized treatment strategies by improving intra-operative assistance, preoperative planning, and patient education. Further research is required to determine whether it positively affects postoperative outcomes, to calculate the cost\u2013benefit ratio, and to compare its usage against standards of care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15120611","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"611","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Three-Dimensional Printing in Hand Surgery: What Is New? A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9930-5124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Said","family":"Dababneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medecine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadine","family":"Dababneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-9285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"El Sewify","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4308-7586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack","family":"Legler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiya","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H2X 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chung Ming","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, National University Hospital (NUH), Singapore 119228, Singapore"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alain","family":"Danino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CHUM), 1051 Rue Sanguinet, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9506-9796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johnny I.","family":"Efanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Centre Hospitalier de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CHUM), 1051 Rue Sanguinet, Montreal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"320","article-title":"US findings in traumatic wrist and hand injuries","volume":"19","author":"Karabay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn. 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