{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:21Z","timestamp":1787028741666,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":209,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Liver diseases, including fibrosis, viral hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and monogenic genetic disorders, represent a major global health burden with limited therapeutic options and frequent systemic toxicity from conventional treatments. Nanovesicle-based drug and gene delivery systems offer targeted approaches that may improve therapeutic precision and reduce off-target effects. This review aims to evaluate the promise and comparative potential of three key nanovesicle platforms\u2014lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), extracellular vesicles (EVs) and liposomes\u2014for drug and gene delivery in liver disease therapy. A systematic search of peer-reviewed studies published in electronic databases was performed, focusing on preclinical and clinical research investigating the use of LNPs, EVs and liposomes for hepatic drug or gene delivery. Studies were analyzed for vesicle composition, targeting efficiency, payload capacity, therapeutic outcomes, and reported limitations. The analysis indicates that LNPs demonstrate strong efficiency in nucleic acid encapsulation and delivery, supported by growing clinical translation. EVs show promising biocompatibility and innate targeting to hepatic cells but face challenges in large-scale production and standardization. Liposomes remain versatile and well-characterized platforms capable of carrying diverse therapeutic molecules, though rapid clearance can limit their efficacy. Together, these nanovesicle systems hold considerable potential for advancing targeted drug and gene therapies in liver disease. Future work should focus on improving stability, manufacturing scalability, and cell-specific targeting to support clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16010001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T12:05:35Z","timestamp":1766145935000},"page":"1","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Targeted Hepatic Delivery of Bioactive Molecules via Nanovesicles: Recent Developments and Emerging Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alessia Rita","family":"Canestrale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6488-8334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharad","family":"Kholia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-9047-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Dimuccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione per la Ricerca Biomedica\u2014ONLUS, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-6773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Beatriz","family":"Herrera Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2i3T, Societ\u00e0 per la Gestione dell\u2019incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico, University of Torino, 10135 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.1030050409","article-title":"A Contribution to the Theory of Permeability of Thin Films","volume":"5","author":"Danielli","year":"1935","journal-title":"J. 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