{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T21:48:35Z","timestamp":1785793715791,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767571200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cirrhosis represents the final common pathway of chronic liver injury, arising from diverse etiologies such as metabolic, viral, autoimmune, and alcohol-related liver diseases. Despite similar exposures, disease progression varies considerably among individuals, suggesting a genetic contribution to susceptibility and outcome. Objective: This narrative review examines how specific genetic variants influence the risk, progression, and phenotypic expression of cirrhosis. It provides a structured synthesis of established and emerging gene associations, emphasizing their biological mechanisms and potential clinical relevance. Methods: This narrative review synthesizes evidence from all major biomedical and scientific databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, as well as reference lists of relevant articles, covering literature published between 2005 and 2025 on genetic polymorphisms associated with cirrhosis and its etiological subtypes. Content: Variants are categorized into four mechanistic domains\u2014metabolic regulation, immune modulation, liver enzyme activity, and ancestry-linked expression patterns\u2014representing a novel integrative framework for understanding genetic risk in cirrhosis. Well-characterized variants such as PNPLA3, TM6SF2, HSD17B13, and MBOAT7, along with less commonly studied loci and chromosomal alterations, are discussed in relation to major etiologies, including MASLD\/MASH, viral hepatitis, alcohol-related liver disease, and autoimmune conditions. Conclusions: Genetic insights into cirrhosis offer pathways toward early risk stratification and personalized disease management. While polygenic risk scores and multi-omic integration show promise, their clinical translation remains exploratory and requires further validation through large-scale prospective studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16010029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T10:53:50Z","timestamp":1767610430000},"page":"29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Genetic Variants in Liver Cirrhosis: Classifications, Mechanisms, and Implications for Clinical Practice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7496-0846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roshni Pushpa","family":"Raghavan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2607-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kirti Theresa","family":"Alexander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shine","family":"Sadasivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Kochi 682041, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1238-6524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chetan","family":"Parmar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Whittington Health NHS Foundation Trust, London N19 5NF, UK"},{"name":"Apollo Hospitals Education and Research Foundation, Hyderabad 500033, India"},{"name":"Division of Surgery & Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8798-8856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manikandan","family":"Kathirvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, Whittington Health NHS Foundation Trust, London N19 5NF, UK"},{"name":"Department of HPB and Liver Transplant Surgery, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London NW3 2QG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60383-9","article-title":"Liver cirrhosis","volume":"371","author":"Schuppan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2018.09.002","article-title":"Liver fibrosis: Pathophysiology, pathogenetic targets and clinical issues","volume":"65","author":"Parola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. 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