{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:52:19Z","timestamp":1789519939832,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Basic Science Research Program through the NRF, funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2021R1A2C2092038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1A2C2092038"]}]},{"name":"Bio Core Facility center","award":["NRF-2022M3A9G1014007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2022M3A9G1014007"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science & ICT","award":["RS-2023-0021971031482092640001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-0021971031482092640001"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003052","name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energ","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K_G012002572001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K_G012002572001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003052","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["13-2022-0010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-2022-0010"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["13-2018-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-2018-0015"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["16-2020-0009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2020-0009"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["02-2017-0060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02-2017-0060"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["16-2023-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2023-0002"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["13-2023-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-2023-0002"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["16-2022-0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2022-0005"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["13-2024-0004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-2024-0004"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["13-2017-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["13-2017-0013"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH intramural research fund","award":["16-2024-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2024-0011"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH-Basic Co-Research Fund","award":["16-2024-0011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2024-0011"]}]},{"name":"SNUBH-Basic Co-Research Fund","award":["16-2026-0001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16-2026-0001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: A Cochlear implantation (CI) is well-established auditory rehabilitation for severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), yet outcomes vary widely among implantees. Even with advancements in surgical methods and device technology, CI is still commonly applied as a generally uniform procedure, with limited attention to the underlying cause of SNHL. This review aims to summarize current evidence supporting etiology-based personalization of CI and to examine how etiology influences electrode selection, implantation timing, and clinical outcomes. Methods: We reviewed clinical and translational studies focusing on congenital cytomegalovirus infection, genetic hearing loss, cochlear nerve deficiency, and inner-ear malformations, emphasizing how etiology influences cochlear anatomy, neural integrity, and CI outcomes. Results: Etiology significantly affects neural survival, cochlear anatomy, and auditory plasticity, all of which influence optimal electrode design, insertion strategy, and timing of CI. Tailoring CI approaches to specific etiologies may help explain the substantial variability in outcomes observed in both children and adults. Conclusions: CI should be viewed as a precision-based intervention rather than a uniform treatment. Integrating etiology into clinical decision-making is essential for advancing truly personalized CI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16030130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Etiology-Driven Personalized Cochlear Implantation: Implications for Electrode Choice, Timing, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5667-861X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Konkuk University Medical Center, Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul 05030, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Byung Yoon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sensorycure Co., Ltd., Seongnam 34015, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Sensory Organ Research Institute, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001420","article-title":"Hearing Loss Prevalence, Years Lived with Disability, and Hearing Aid Use in the United States from 1990 to 2019: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study","volume":"45","author":"Haile","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ear Hear."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2020-320389","article-title":"Quality of life of children treated for unilateral hearing loss: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"106","author":"Nicolas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. 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