{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:01:49Z","timestamp":1772445709114,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heart Foundation of Australia Vanguard Grant","award":["104879"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["104879"]}]},{"name":"Heart Foundation Strategic Grant","award":["105535"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["105535"]}]},{"name":"Heart Foundation of Australia Future Leader Fellowship","award":["101169"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101169"]}]},{"name":"Veski Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Risk perception of future disease may play a role in supporting lifestyle change to prevent diabetes mellitus (DM) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). It is unknown how women in the postpartum period with different cardiometabolic conditions perceive their future risk of DM and CVD, and whether this perception influences engagement in a healthy lifestyle. Methods: Cross-sectional study of women who delivered in the past five years (n = 497) living in Australia. Logistic regression analyses examined associations between history of pregnancy (gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertension (GHP), pre-eclampsia, spontaneous preterm birth (PTB), small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants), and non-pregnancy (polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), infertility) conditions with perceived risk of DM or CVD, and with lifestyle behaviours (physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and diet). Results: Overall, most participants had a low perceived risk of developing future DM (73.4%) and CVD (75.2%), which varied by condition type. History of GDM and GHP were associated with higher DM risk perception (OR 1.83, 95% CI 1.06, 3.15; OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.28, 5.84), whereas history of pre-eclampsia and DM were associated with higher CVD risk perception (OR 4.48, 95% CI 1.88, 10.62; OR 3.78, 95% CI 1.20, 11.88). History of PTB, SGA infant, PCOS, infertility, and lifestyle behaviours were not consistently associated with perceived risk of DM and CVD. Conclusions: Postpartum risk perception of developing future DM and CVD was low, even in the presence of female-specific cardiometabolic conditions. This highlights the need for greater postpartum support to enhance risk awareness and support a healthy lifestyle.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16030137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Perceived Risk Perception of Future Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in the Postpartum Period"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4720-1634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amin","family":"Heidarikakolaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5333-6451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siew","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Systems and Equity, Eastern Health Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Box Hill, Melbourne, VIC 3128, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Makama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women\u2019s, Children\u2019s and Adolescents\u2019 Health Program, Burnet Institute, Prahran, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingling","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"},{"name":"Shanghai National Clinical Research Centre for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of the National Health Commission of the PR China, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumour, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1851-0661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melinda J.","family":"Hutchesson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Science, College of Health Medicine and Wellbeing, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"},{"name":"Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, University of Newcastle, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3154-4946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryce L.","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Endocrine and Diabetes Units, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9959-5750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Skouteris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK"},{"name":"Health and Social Care Unit, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7609-577X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helena","family":"Teede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Endocrine and Diabetes Units, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa J.","family":"Moran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Monash Endocrine and Diabetes Units, Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"},{"name":"Victorian Heart Institute, Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e89","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001258","article-title":"Forecasting the economic burden of cardiovascular disease and stroke in the United States through 2050: A presidential advisory from the American Heart Association","volume":"150","author":"Kazi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319878371","article-title":"Diabetes as a cardiovascular risk factor: An overview of global trends of macro and micro vascular complications","volume":"26","author":"Ceriello","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(14)70248-7","article-title":"Risk of all-cause mortality and vascular events in women versus men with type 1 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Huxley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22887","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes and future maternal cardiovascular disease","volume":"41","author":"Hauspurg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-020-00862-6","article-title":"The association of adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular disease: Current knowledge and future directions","volume":"22","author":"Minhas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deae292","article-title":"Global, regional, and national prevalence and trends of infertility among individuals of reproductive age (15\u201349 years) from 1990 to 2021, with projections to 2040","volume":"40","author":"Liang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-024-07607-x","article-title":"Global prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in women worldwide: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"310","author":"Salari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The pathophysiology of gestational diabetes mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.319895","article-title":"Pregnancy and reproductive risk factors for cardiovascular disease in women","volume":"130","author":"Michos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panaitescu, A.M., Popescu, M.R., Ciobanu, A.M., Gica, N., and Cimpoca-Raptis, B.A. (2021). Pregnancy complications can foreshadow future disease\u2014Long-term outcomes of a complicated pregnancy. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57121320"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.01.214","article-title":"Increased risk of incident chronic medical conditions in infertile women: Analysis of US claims data","volume":"220","author":"Murugappan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy007","article-title":"Ethnicity, obesity and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS: A systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"24","author":"Kakoly","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e033572","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.123.033572","article-title":"2023 international evidence-based polycystic ovary syndrome guideline update: Insights from a systematic review and meta-analysis on elevated clinical cardiovascular disease in polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Tay","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e015569","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.015569","article-title":"Improving cardiovascular workforce competencies in cardio-obstetrics: Current challenges and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2019.09.011","article-title":"Women and cardiovascular disease: Pregnancy, the forgotten risk factor","volume":"29","author":"Arnott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Lu, M., Yi, Y., Xia, L., Zhang, R., Li, C., and Liu, P. (2024). Influence of maternal body mass index on pregnancy complications and outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1280692"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G43","DOI":"10.1093\/ejendo\/lvad096","article-title":"Recommendations from the 2023 international evidence-based guideline for the assessment and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"189","author":"Teede","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5591","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-49749-1","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"15","author":"Shorakae","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"930","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.16171","article-title":"Cardio-metabolic risk factors among young infertile women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"Mulder","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG Int. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7356.157","article-title":"Pregnancy complications and maternal cardiovascular risk: Opportunities for intervention and screening?","volume":"325","author":"Sattar","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bmj"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e902","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000961","article-title":"Adverse pregnancy outcomes and cardiovascular disease risk: Unique opportunities for cardiovascular disease prevention in women: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Parikh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S254","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-S015","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: Standards of care in diabetes\u20142023","volume":"46","author":"ElSayed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e330","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001212","article-title":"Opportunities in the postpartum period to reduce cardiovascular disease risk after adverse pregnancy outcomes: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"149","author":"Lewey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.16506","article-title":"Long-term cardiovascular disease risk in women after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: Recent advances in hypertension","volume":"78","author":"Khosla","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy340","article-title":"2018 ESC guidelines for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy: The task force for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)","volume":"39","author":"Bauersachs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.117.10803","article-title":"Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: ISSHP classification, diagnosis, and management recommendations for international practice","volume":"72","author":"Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E159","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.180053","article-title":"Identifying and managing younger women at high risk of cardiovascular disease","volume":"191","author":"Srivaratharajah","year":"2019","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmae011","article-title":"Barriers and enablers to a healthy lifestyle in people with infertility: A mixed-methods systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Torkel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"242","article-title":"Assisted reproductive technology or infertility: What underlies adverse outcomes? Lessons from the Massachusetts outcome study of assisted reproductive technology","volume":"3","author":"Stern","year":"2022","journal-title":"FS Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13967","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13967","article-title":"What Is My Risk? A Mixed-Methods Systematic Review of Risk Perception for Cardiometabolic Pregnancy Complications and Future Cardiometabolic Disease Development","volume":"26","author":"McIntosh","year":"2025","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e61050","DOI":"10.5210\/ojphi.v4i3.4321","article-title":"Towards an effective health interventions design: An extension of the health belief model","volume":"4","author":"Orji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Online J. Public Health Inform."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/109019817400200403","article-title":"Historical origins of the health belief model","volume":"2","author":"Rosenstock","year":"1974","journal-title":"Health Educ. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1975.9915803","article-title":"A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change1","volume":"91","author":"Rogers","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Ding, C., Li, M., Xu, L., and Jin, J. (2023). Associations among risk perception, health efficacy, and health behaviors for cardiovascular disease: An application of risk perception attitude framework. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1201789"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Th\u00f8gersen-Ntoumani, C., Stenling, A., Izett, E., and Quested, E. (2022). Personality, Risk Perceptions, and Health Behaviors: A Two-Wave Study on Reciprocal Relations in Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192316168"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.14412\/2074-2711-2021-5-26-33","article-title":"Awareness of cardiovascular diseases risk factors, attitude towards their health and sleep disorders among the 25\u201364 years old population in Russia\/Siberia (WHO International \u00abMONICA-psychosocial\u00bb program)","volume":"13","author":"Gafarov","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol. Neuropsychiatry Psychosom."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e31827db5eb","article-title":"Family history of cardiovascular disease, perceived cardiovascular disease risk, and health-related behavior: A review of the literature","volume":"29","author":"Imes","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820903477593","article-title":"Polycystic ovary syndrome: A biopsychosocial understanding in young women to improve knowledge and treatment options","volume":"31","author":"Moran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027755","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027755","article-title":"Infertility and risk of cardiovascular disease: A prospective cohort study","volume":"12","author":"Farland","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2012.746302","article-title":"Diabetes risk perception in women with recent gestational diabetes: Delivery to the postpartum visit","volume":"26","author":"Zera","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpc.2022.100364","article-title":"Knowledge and perception of cardiovascular disease risk in women of reproductive age","volume":"11","author":"Baldridge","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjco.2023.07.010","article-title":"Women\u2019s knowledge of future cardiovascular risk associated with complications of pregnancy: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Banks","year":"2024","journal-title":"CJC Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s44155-024-00078-0","article-title":"Perceptions about health-risk awareness and lifestyle change among women at risk for developing cardiometabolic disease: A qualitative study","volume":"4","author":"Bristol","year":"2024","journal-title":"Discov. Soc. Sci. Health"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13167","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13167","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to a healthy lifestyle in postpartum women: A systematic review of qualitative and quantitative studies in postpartum women and healthcare providers","volume":"22","author":"Makama","year":"2021","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makama, M., Chen, M., Moran, L.J., Skouteris, H., Harrison, C.L., Choi, T., and Lim, S. (2022). Postpartum women\u2019s preferences for lifestyle intervention after childbirth: A multi-methods study using the TIDieR checklist. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14204229"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-024-02184-4","article-title":"Postpartum weight retention and the early evolution of cardiovascular risk over the first 5 years after pregnancy","volume":"23","author":"Kramer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Depertment of Health Disability and Ageing (2026, February 10). Maternal Health and First 2000 Days\/Women\u2019s Health Initiative, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/our-work\/mrff-maternal-health-and-first-2000-dayswomens-health-initiative."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics (2025, July 24). National, State and Territory Population, Available online: https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/population\/national-state-and-territory-population\/latest-release."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, M., Makama, M., Skouteris, H., Moran, L.J., Harrison, C.L., Choi, T., and Lim, S. (2023). Ethnic Differences in Preferences for Lifestyle Intervention among Women after Childbirth: A Multi-Methods Study in Australia. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15020472"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.9.2543","article-title":"Risk perception for developing diabetes: Comparative risk judgments of physicians","volume":"26","author":"Walker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-0618","article-title":"Risk perception for diabetes among women with histories of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2015.1081591","article-title":"Risk perception of future cardiovascular disease in women diagnosed with a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy","volume":"29","author":"Traylor","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2015.03.012","article-title":"Risk perceptions and health behavior","volume":"5","author":"Ferrer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Armstrong, T., Bauman, A.E., and Davies, J. (2000). Physical Activity Patterns of Australian Adults: Results of the 1999 National Physical Activity Survey, Australian Institute of Health and Welfare."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2008.00305.x","article-title":"Reliability and validity of a modified self-administered version of the Active Australia physical activity survey in a sample of mid-age women","volume":"32","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust. New Zealand J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2025, August 15). Australian Dietary Guidelines, Available online: www.nhmrc.gov.au\/guidelines-publications\/n55."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"National Health and Medical Research Council (2025, August 15). Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, Available online: https:\/\/www.eatforhealth.gov.au\/accessible-versions-australian-dietary-guidelines-resources."},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"StataCorp (2025). Stata Statistical Software, StataCorp LLC."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"87","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk perception among Iranian women with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"2","author":"Saeidzadeh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crescent J. Med. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Depertment of Health Disability and Ageing (2025, September 25). National Strategic Action Plan for Heart Disease and Stroke, Available online: https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/resources\/publications\/national-strategic-action-plan-for-heart-disease-and-stroke."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Diabetes Australia (2025, September 04). Take Diabetes 2 Heart. Available online: https:\/\/takediabetes2heart.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/20190913_The-Heart-of-the-Matter.pdf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heart Research Australia (2025, September 04). REDFEB. Available online: https:\/\/www.heartresearch.com.au\/redfeb\/.","DOI":"10.63929\/14432471.2025-235-08"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.18.2480","article-title":"Guide to preventive cardiology for women","volume":"99","author":"Mosca","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e31820faaf8","article-title":"Effectiveness-based guidelines for the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women\u20142011 update: A guideline from the American Heart Association","volume":"123","author":"Mosca","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi819","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases in women: A statement from the policy conference of the European Society of Cardiology","volume":"27","author":"Fox","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitert, M.D., Foxcroft, K.F., Lust, K., Fagermo, N., Lawlor, D.A., O\u2019Callaghan, M., Mcintyre, H.D., and Callaway, L.K. (2011). Overweight and obesity knowledge prior to pregnancy: A survey study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-11-96"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-014-1657-y","article-title":"Perspectives on prevention of type 2 diabetes after gestational diabetes: A qualitative study of Hispanic, African-American and White women","volume":"19","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mpalatsouka, I., Zachariou, M., Kyprianidou, M., Fakonti, G., and Giannakou, K. (2023). Assessing awareness of long-term health risks among women with a history of preeclampsia: A cross-sectional study. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1236314"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slater, K., Taylor, R., Collins, C.E., and Hutchesson, M. (2025). Awareness of cardiovascular disease risk and care received among Australian women with a history of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-024-07018-5"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23779608231207223","DOI":"10.1177\/23779608231207223","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk factors awareness among women with a history of preeclampsia in Jordan","volume":"9","author":"Kassab","year":"2023","journal-title":"SAGE Open Nurs."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2025, September 30). Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia. Available online: https:\/\/www.acog.org\/clinical\/clinical-guidance\/practice-bulletin\/articles\/2020\/06\/gestational-hypertension-and-preeclampsia?utm_source=chatgpt.com#."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Ronald, R.W., and Sherma, Z. (2018). Public Knowledge of Cardiovascular Risk Numbers: Contextual Factors Affecting Knowledge and Health Behavior, and the Impact of Public Health Campaigns. Lifestyle in Heart Health and Disease, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2024.101163","article-title":"Healthcare providers\u2019 knowledge of cardiovascular disease risk after preeclampsia: A pilot of five healthcare facilities in Lusaka, Zambia","volume":"38","author":"Mukosha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2024.07.017","article-title":"Impact of a Women\u2019s Heart Clinic on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Awareness in Women with Past Pregnancy Complications: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"34","author":"Pant","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heart Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2010.03032.x","article-title":"Perceived risk of type 2 diabetes in Australian women with a recent history of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"27","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4840-2","article-title":"Gestational diabetes and the risk of cardiovascular disease in women: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"62","author":"Kramer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2022.09.010","article-title":"Women\u2019s awareness of cardiovascular disease risk after complications of pregnancy","volume":"36","author":"Aldridge","year":"2023","journal-title":"Women Birth"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s00508-023-02313-1","article-title":"Knowledge and care regarding long-term cardiovascular risk after hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and gestational diabetes","volume":"136","author":"Pfaller","year":"2024","journal-title":"Wien. Klin. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2022.0348","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus and its implications across the life span","volume":"47","author":"Wicklow","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52583","DOI":"10.2196\/52583","article-title":"Tailoring of Health-Promotion Video Messaging for Reproductive-Aged Women at Risk for Developing Cardiometabolic Disease: Qualitative Focus-Groups Study","volume":"8","author":"Gibson","year":"2024","journal-title":"JMIR Form. Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3493-z","article-title":"History of infertility and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: A prospective cohort study","volume":"58","author":"Tobias","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andraweera, P.H., Lassi, Z.S., Pathirana, M.M., Plummer, M.D., Dekker, G.A., Roberts, C.T., and Arstall, M.A. (2022). Pregnancy complications and cardiovascular disease risk perception: A qualitative study. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271722"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ee, C., Pirotta, S., Mousa, A., Moran, L., and Lim, S. (2021). Providing lifestyle advice to women with PCOS: An overview of practical issues affecting success. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00890-8"},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Chandra, A., Copen, C.E., and Stephen, E.H. (2025, September 12). Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982\u20132010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nhsr\/nhsr067.pdf."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.51932","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk management following gestational diabetes and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy: A narrative review","volume":"218","author":"Marschner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pec.2021.03.038","article-title":"Patient and provider perspectives on preterm birth risk assessment and communication","volume":"104","author":"Tesfalul","year":"2021","journal-title":"Patient Educ. Couns."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae002","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease risk communication and prevention: A meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Bakhit","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e089922","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2024-089922","article-title":"Diabetes beliefs, perceived risk and health behaviours: An embedded mixed-methods analysis from the Richmond Stress and Sugar Study","volume":"15","author":"Khosrovaneh","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000534","article-title":"Cardiovascular health in African Americans: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"136","author":"Carnethon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.5604\/12321966.1219195","article-title":"Physical activity patterns, depressive symptoms and awareness of cardiovascular risk factors in postpartum women","volume":"23","author":"Szalewska","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1791","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-015-1693-2","article-title":"\u201cWe know but we don\u2019t really know\u201d: Diet, physical activity and cardiovascular disease prevention knowledge and beliefs among underserved pregnant women","volume":"19","author":"Beckham","year":"2015","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1177\/0145721714539735","article-title":"Dietary self-efficacy predicts AHEI diet quality in women with previous gestational diabetes","volume":"40","author":"Ferranti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Educ."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13794","article-title":"A qualitative study exploring women\u2019s health behaviours after a pregnancy with gestational diabetes to inform the development of a diabetes prevention strategy","volume":"36","author":"Parsons","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lim, S., Lang, S., Savaglio, M., Skouteris, H., and Moran, L.J. (2024). Intervention strategies to address barriers and facilitators to a healthy lifestyle using the behaviour change wheel: A qualitative analysis of the perspectives of postpartum women. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071046"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14945","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14945","article-title":"Barriers to and enablers of postpartum health behaviours among women from diverse cultural backgrounds with prior gestational diabetes: A systematic review and qualitative synthesis applying the theoretical domains framework","volume":"39","author":"Neven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2021.11.015","article-title":"Barriers and facilitators to healthy eating and physical activity postpartum: A qualitative systematic review","volume":"122","author":"Ryan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1097\/NMC.0000000000000047","article-title":"Living with gestational diabetes in a rural community","volume":"39","author":"Abraham","year":"2014","journal-title":"MCN Am. J. Matern. Child Nurs."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dijkhuis, T.E., Bloem, F., Kusters, L.A., Roos, S.M., Gordijn, S.J., Holvast, F., and Prins, J.R. (2020). Investigating the current knowledge and needs concerning a follow-up for long-term cardiovascular risks in Dutch women with a preeclampsia history: A qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03179-1"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nielsen, L.M., Hauge, M.G., Ersb\u00f8ll, A.S., Johansen, M., Linde, J.J., Damm, P., and Nielsen, K.K. (2022). Women\u2019s perceptions of cardiovascular risk after preeclampsia: A qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-022-05179-9"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E45","DOI":"10.5888\/pcd12.140566","article-title":"Identifying postpartum intervention approaches to reduce cardiometabolic risk among American Indian women with prior gestational diabetes, Oklahoma, 2012\u20132013","volume":"12","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prev. Chronic Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dennison, R.A., Griffin, S.J., Usher-Smith, J.A., Fox, R.A., Aiken, C.E., and Meek, C.L. (2022). \u201cPost-GDM support would be really good for mothers\u201d: A qualitative interview study exploring how to support a healthy diet and physical activity after gestational diabetes. PLoS ONE, 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262852"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/3\/137\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T09:10:04Z","timestamp":1772442604000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/3\/137"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm16030137"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm16030137","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}}}