{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T11:54:09Z","timestamp":1790596449129,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), encompassing ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn\u2019s disease (CD), is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the gastrointestinal tract with a rapidly increasing global prevalence. In parallel, metabolic comorbidities including obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), and sarcopenia are becoming increasingly common among patients with IBD and are now recognized as important modifiers of disease course and outcomes. As the therapeutic landscape of IBD continues to evolve, these intersecting trends create an opportunity to advance precision medicine through more individualized approaches to care. This review synthesizes established and emerging evidence on the role of metabolic dysfunction in IBD, focusing on epidemiology, risk factors, and prognostic implications. We highlight key domains relevant to personalized care, including metabolic phenotypes, energy metabolism, circulating biomarkers, and nutrition, and discuss how these factors may complement traditional inflammatory markers in risk stratification and longitudinal disease monitoring. Collectively, the available evidence suggests that metabolic comorbidities are not merely coincidental but represent clinically meaningful phenotypes that influence treatment response, complications, and long-term outcomes in IBD. Integrating metabolic assessment into routine IBD care may enable more precise, patient-centered management strategies and help address the growing heterogeneity of IBD in the era of precision medicine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16030139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Precision Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Emerging Role of Metabolic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Aditya","family":"Kotha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arun J.","family":"Sanyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7586-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raseen","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e065186","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","article-title":"Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/s00384-025-04821-0","article-title":"Dissecting the rising tide of inflammatory bowel disease among youth in a changing world: Insights from GBD 2021","volume":"40","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. 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