{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T14:39:51Z","timestamp":1772548791230,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: This study evaluated, by cone-beam computed tomography, the role of soft-palate morphology and positioning in upper airway volume and minimum cross-sectional area (mCSA) after orthognathic surgery at three time points: one week before surgery (T0); 4\u20136 months after surgery (T1); and 12\u201336 months after surgery (T2). Methods: Patients (N = 91) were divided into five groups according to maxillary surgical movement: 1: maxillary advancement; 2: maxillary advancement and counterclockwise rotation with anterior upward movement; 3: maxillary advancement and counterclockwise rotation with posterior downward movement; 4: maxillary advancement and clockwise rotation with anterior downward movement; and 5: maxillary advancement and clockwise rotation with posterior upward movement. Results: Time was an important predictor of change for almost all volume and mCSA parameters (p &lt; 0.05), except for mCSA-nasopharynx (p = 0.114). Groups 1 and 5 showed recurrence of oropharynx volume and minimum cross-sectional area at 12\u201336 months, while Group 3 had 85% of vertical soft palate morphology and no oblique morphology at 12\u201336 months. Conclusions: Soft palate angulation did not change at any time or with any type of surgical movement. Maxillary counterclockwise rotation with posterior downward movement seems to be the preferred surgical movement of the maxilla to increase pharyngeal dimensions and improve soft-palate morphology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16030141","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T12:39:56Z","timestamp":1772455196000},"page":"141","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Soft-Palate Changes After Orthognathic Surgery: A Three-Dimensional Assessment of Positioning and Morphology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9775-9309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orion Luiz","family":"Haas Junior","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Belle & Haas Orthofacial Surgery Centre, Porto Alegre 90440-060, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5480-0222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ren\u00e9 de Jes\u00fas","family":"Qui\u00f1ones Ravelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Resident, Centro M\u00e9dico Nacional 20 de Noviembre, ISSSTE, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03229, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rubens Martins","family":"Bastos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belle & Haas Orthofacial Surgery Centre, Porto Alegre 90440-060, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bibiana Mello","family":"da Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belle & Haas Orthofacial Surgery Centre, Porto Alegre 90440-060, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4661-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rog\u00e9rio Belle","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Belle & Haas Orthofacial Surgery Centre, Porto Alegre 90440-060, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hospital S\u00e3o Lucas, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5325-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Gomes de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robson","family":"Capasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sleep Surgery, Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Aesthetic considerations in orthofacial surgery","volume":"35","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Maxillofac. 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