{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T15:21:19Z","timestamp":1772637679687,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Deep neck space abscesses (DNSAs), representing severe suppurative infections, continue to pose a significant global health challenge due to their morbidity, mortality, and evolving epidemiology. This review synthesizes existing knowledge regarding DNSA definitions, anatomic basis, epidemiological trends, microbiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic strategies, treatment paradigms, outcomes, health system challenges, and disparities to guide global efforts in DNSA prevention, management, and research. Methods: A structured narrative review was performed following SANRA guidelines. PubMed\/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Library were searched from January 2000 to May 2025, retrieving 1102 records. After screening, 49 studies met the inclusion criteria. Data were extracted using standardized templates and synthesized thematically. Results: During the period 2004\u20132015, annual case increases were reported in a Finnish population-based retrospective cohort (n = 277), going from 14 to 24 subjects, and for a UK tertiary center retrospective series, going from 1 to 15 cases annually (2006\u20132015) (Pearson\u2019s correlation, r = 0.9; p = 0.00019). The microbiological environment is mostly polymicrobial, composed of group streptococci and staphylococcus strains and anaerobes. Factors associated with poor outcomes include diabetes mellitus (adjusted hazard ratio of 10.7 [95% CI 6.0\u201319.1] in a retrospective, population-based cohort of 12,738 diabetic patients compared to 50,952 individuals without diabetes), immunosuppressed state, elderly age, and multispace involvement. Diagnosis relies on contrast-enhanced CT imaging (sensitivity &gt; 90%), and treatment consists of early multidisciplinary intervention combining empiric broad-spectrum antibiotics with surgical drainage in 60\u201397% of cases. Mortality ranges from 1.6% to 7.6%, with higher rates in cases complicated by mediastinitis (up to 40%). Conclusions: DNSAs demonstrate a clear upward incidence trend across high-income and resource-limited settings. Establishing standardized DNSA registries, validating risk-stratification tools, reinforcing antimicrobial stewardship to address rising resistance, and implementing early detection protocols in primary care remain critical priorities. While emerging technologies, including rapid molecular diagnostics and AI-based decision support, represent promising research directions, current DNSA management relies fundamentally on conventional clinical assessment, prompt imaging, and coordinated multidisciplinary care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16030146","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]],"date-time":"2026-03-04T08:51:33Z","timestamp":1772614293000},"page":"146","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Global Burden of Deep Neck Space Abscesses: Epidemiology, Challenges, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1251-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonino","family":"Maniaci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Enna Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy"},{"name":"Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists (YO-IFOS), International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5600-3938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Unit, \u201cSanto Spirito\u201d Hospital, 65121 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3796-9483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Guarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists (YO-IFOS), International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Otolaryngology Head and Neck Unit, \u201cSanto Spirito\u201d Hospital, 65121 Pescara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-7554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi","family":"La Via","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Policlinico \u201cG. Rodolico-San Marco\u201d, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8127-5045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Lentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Enna Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5556-6259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Lavalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Enna Kore University, 94100 Enna, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4635-7959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paolo","family":"Boscolo-Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7789-145X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luigi Angelo","family":"Vaira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maxillofacial Surgery Operative Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-0845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jerome Rene","family":"Lechien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Study Group of the Young-Otolaryngologists (YO-IFOS), International Federations of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies, 75000 Paris, France"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mons School of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMons), 7000 Mons, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery, Elsan Polyclinic of Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Almuqamam, M., Gonzalez, F.J., Sharma, S., and Kondamudi, N.P. 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