{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:38:13Z","timestamp":1793425093573,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":235,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>When using traditional approaches, such as pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the entire cellular or molecular response to drugs in the body cannot be fully ascertained or established. The oral medication process involves pharmacokinetics, followed by oral microbiomics and then gut microbiomics and pharmacodynamics. Recently, there has been increasing interest in the role of genetics (pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics) in both humans and microbiomes, as well as omics alterations (e.g., epigenetic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic alterations as a consequence of drug exposure), which can help to ascertain the cellular responses to medications. Both the efficacy and toxicity of a drug are influenced by these factors. To assess these at an individual level, an integrative Personalized Medicine Model may be needed to help with medication management. Two example application cases for SSRIs and statins demonstrate the clinical usefulness of such a model, which can guide clinicians during drug selection and dosing to reduce reliance on trial-and-error, thus potentially improving patient outcomes and safety. Integrating this framework into practical clinical workflows requires the capture, analysis, and translation of multi-omics data in order to realize decision support protocols and actionable drug recommendations. This review also discusses IT requirements and different stakeholder roles. Although the proposed model can guide the treatment of diseases at the individual patient level, further research is still needed before it can be implemented as part of drug development research, clinical care, and healthcare delivery systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16040182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T11:32:47Z","timestamp":1774611167000},"page":"182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New Personalized Medicine Model for Medication Management"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1444-2451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kannayiram","family":"Alagiakrishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Alberta, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P4, Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Sciences Building, University of Alberta Hospital, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5841-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tyler","family":"Halverson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Trillium Health Partners\u2014Credit Valley Hospital, Mississauga, ON L5M 2N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7128-8220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Desiree Virginia Fermin","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4526-7054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheryl A.","family":"Sadowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00825-3","article-title":"The oral microbiome in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease","volume":"20","author":"Tonelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. 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