{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:20Z","timestamp":1787028740707,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Simulation digital twins (DT) models that integrate patient-specific imaging with artificial intelligence (AI)-based segmentation and extended reality (XR) technologies are rapidly increasing in relevance in personalized medicine. While their clinical applications are expanding, their role as reusable educational tools and the technical pipeline utilized for their development remain incompletely characterized. This narrative review examines current approaches to digital twin creation and XR integration, illustrated by a scoliosis-specific proof-of-concept educational case study. Methods: A narrative technical review was conducted by identifying relevant search keywords within the fields of AI-based image segmentation, extended reality in medicine, and medical education based on the authors\u2019 expertise and familiarity with the subject. PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus were searched for English-language studies published primarily between 2015 and 2025 addressing patient-specific three-dimensional modeling, AI-driven segmentation, and XR applications in spine, orthopedic, anesthesiology, and interventional care. A de-identified case of scoliosis is used to present a proof-of-concept example of this process of creating a simulated digital twin for the purpose of medical education in a recorded XR format. Results: Prior studies demonstrated benefits of patient-specific 3D models for anatomical understanding and procedural planning, while highlighting limitations in segmentation accuracy and workflow integration. Nevertheless, while DTs have traditionally served clinical roles in surgical planning or pre-procedural rehearsal, their pedagogical potential remains under-explored. In the proof-of-concept case study, AI-assisted segmentation enabled rapid creation of an anatomically detailed scoliosis digital twin that was incorporated into XR and used to produce a reusable, spatially anchored instructional experience focused on neuraxial access. Conclusions: AI-enabled digital twin models integrated with XR represent a promising approach for personalized, anatomy-driven medical education. Further evaluation is needed to assess educational outcomes, scalability, and integration into clinical training workflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16040202","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:12:33Z","timestamp":1775437953000},"page":"202","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Integrating AI Segmentation, Simulated Digital Twins, and Extended Reality into Medical Education: A Narrative Technical Review and Proof-of-Concept Case Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Parhesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ingharan","family":"Siddarthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catharine Kelsh","family":"Keim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel K.","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John E.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert S.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7605-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohan","family":"Jotwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-025-01575-5","article-title":"Digital Twins for the Era of Personalized Surgery","volume":"8","author":"Mekki","year":"2025","journal-title":"NPJ Digit. 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