{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:07:46Z","timestamp":1785434866137,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778544000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL166617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL166617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"NIH","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL169266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL169266"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HL166617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL166617"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["HL169266"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL169266"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01cwqze88","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pediatric obstructive sleep-disordered breathing encompasses a wide spectrum of diagnostic clusters, including primary snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, mild, moderate, and severe obstructive sleep apnea, and obstructive hypoventilation. Even within these classifications, the symptomatic presentation involves a large array of variations, reflecting a wide phenotypic spectrum. Here, we aim to summarize current diagnostic criteria and explore the spectrum of disease, particularly highlighting the phenotypic variation and its potential relevance to therapeutic decisions and overall outcomes. It has become apparent that polysomnographic (PSG) indices do not correlate well with associated morbidities, even though one-night in-lab PSGs are considered the diagnostic gold standard. Novel approaches, including exploration of plasma and urine biomarkers and data-mining the physiological information embedded within the PSG, may enable the extraction of phenotypic information that can then be interpreted in conjunction with clinical data, including history, physical examination findings, risk factors, and associated disease morbidity, so that an individualized treatment plan can be optimally delineated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16050259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T16:04:36Z","timestamp":1778601876000},"page":"259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pediatric OSA\u2014Spectrum of the Disease and Opportunities for Personalized Interventions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hui-Leng","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Royal Brompton Hospital, London SW3 6NP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-0037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Kaditis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Pediatric Sleep Center, Department of Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine and MUHC Children\u2019s Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pediatrics and Biomedical Sciences, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV 25755, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00385-2015","article-title":"Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2- to 18-year-old children: Diagnosis and management","volume":"47","author":"Kaditis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"American Academy of Sleep Medicine (2014). International Classification of Sleep Disorders, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. 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