{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T09:53:19Z","timestamp":1785405199303,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan","award":["AP23489425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23489425"]}]},{"award":["AP23489425"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AP23489425"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05tyne317","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Adult epilepsy is clinically heterogeneous, and individual clinical predictors may not fully capture the multidimensional burden associated with drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE). This study aimed to identify latent clinical phenotypes in adults with epilepsy and examine their cross-sectional associations with DRE and broader disease burden. Methods: This regional observational cohort study used a source database of 1100 patients with epilepsy. After excluding two patients aged &lt;18 years, the adult analytic cohort included 1098 patients. Complete-case latent class analysis (LCA) was performed in 1054 patients using age at onset, disease duration, seizure type, seizure frequency, serial seizures\/status, postictal confusion, neurological status, neuroimaging category, and number of antiseizure medications. Model selection was based on statistical fit, class size, and clinical interpretability. Internal clinical validation outcomes included DRE, quality of life, cognitive screening, and stigma scores. Post hoc characterization described the classes by epilepsy etiology, derived epilepsy type, and seizure categories aligned with current terminology. Results: A three-class solution was selected, with class sizes of 314, 465, and 275. DRE prevalence increased stepwise across classes: 5.7%, 14.2%, and 33.1%, respectively (p &lt; 0.001). In adjusted analysis, Class 2 had higher odds of DRE than Class 1 (odds ratio 2.70, 95% confidence interval 1.56\u20134.67), while Class 3 showed the strongest association (odds ratio 8.19, 95% confidence interval 4.15\u201316.16; both p &lt; 0.001). Higher-burden classes showed lower quality-of-life and cognitive scores and higher stigma scores. Conclusions: LCA identified three clinically interpretable, burden-enriched phenotypic profiles associated with a stepwise gradient in DRE and broader multidimensional disease burden. These cross-sectional profiles may provide a useful framework for describing clinical heterogeneity in adult epilepsy and generating hypotheses for future validation studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16070344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T08:14:12Z","timestamp":1782375252000},"page":"344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Data-Driven Clinical Phenotyping of Adult Epilepsy Using Latent Class Analysis: A Regional Cohort Study from Southern Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Nurlybek","family":"Mombekov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2829-5070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nigara","family":"Yerkhojayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aliya","family":"Ualiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Evidence-Based Medicine, Farabi University, Almaty 050000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5069-1562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nazira","family":"Zharkinbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Psychiatry, Rehabilitation and Neurosurgery, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent 160019, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cigdem","family":"Ozkara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul University, Istanbul 34342, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2139-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gulnaz","family":"Nuskabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9120-8565","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlygash","family":"Sadykova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Clinical Disciplines, Faculty of Medicine, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Assylbek","family":"Mombek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bakhytkul","family":"Yernazarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tangsholpan","family":"Zholdassova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rissalat","family":"Abdullayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aziz","family":"Nabiyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Therapeutic and Orthopedic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5341-7211","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nursultan","family":"Nurdinov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Fundamental Medical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Khoja Akhmet Yassawi International Kazakh-Turkish University, Turkestan 161200, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, May 09). 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