{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:50:15Z","timestamp":1782899415451,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Immunohistochemistry is an integral component of the diagnostic approach in breast cancer and remains essential for tumor characterization and therapeutic decision-making. p63 gene expression may have potential diagnostic and prognostic roles in breast cancer patients. Methods: In this study, 127 specimens of invasive breast carcinoma and 50 control cases were evaluated for p63 gene expression and compared to other pathology factors. Results: None of the 50 control cases was assessed as positive for p63 expression. Progesterone and estrogen receptor status were the only factors that demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation with p63 expression (p = 0.005 and p = 0.017, respectively). Tumor size demonstrated a marginally non-significant correlation with p63 expression (p = 0.051). None of the remaining factors was significantly correlated with p63 expression. Conclusions: In conclusion, p63 expression is inversely correlated with estrogen and progesterone receptor status, and type, size and grade of the tumors are not correlated with the gene\u2019s expression, nor is HER2 status. This conclusion might impact genotype-based stratification pertinent to diagnosis and tailored treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16070359","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:19:02Z","timestamp":1782893942000},"page":"359","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Inverse Association of p63 Expression with Hormone Receptor Status in Invasive Breast Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Panagis","family":"Lykoudis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Imperial College London, London SW2 1NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Papadoliopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, 12462 Chaidari, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5656-2270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexios","family":"Kozonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, 12462 Chaidari, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9719-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kirkilesis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Rimini 1, 12462 Chaidari, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9453-1547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marios-Konstantinos","family":"Tasoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Breast Surgery Unit, The Royal Marden NHS Foundation Trust, London SW3 6JJ, UK"},{"name":"Division of Breast Cancer Research, The Institute of Cancer Research, London SW3 6JB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahrokh","family":"Nohadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihir A.","family":"Gudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Imperial College London, London SW2 1NY, UK"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, KK Women\u2019s and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Cancer Research UK (2026, March 29). Breast Cancer Statistics. Available online: https:\/\/www.cancerresearchuk.org\/health-professional\/cancer-statistics\/statistics-by-cancer-type\/breast-cancer."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Cancer Institute (2026, March 29). Cancer Stat Facts: Female Breast Cancer, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/breast.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"DeVita, V.T., Lawrence, T.S., and Rosenberg, S.A. (2021). Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology: Primer of the Molecular Biology of Cancer, Wolters Kluwer. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80275-0","article-title":"p63, a p53 homolog at 3q27-29, encodes multiple products with transactivating, death-inducing, and dominant-negative activities","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/19539","article-title":"p63 is essential for regenerative proliferation in limb, craniofacial and epithelial development","volume":"398","author":"Yang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205330","article-title":"TAp63\u03b3 (p51A) and dNp63\u03b1 (p73L), two major isoforms of the p63 gene, exert opposite effects on the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression","volume":"21","author":"Senoo","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200108000-00010","article-title":"p63, a p53 homologue, is a selective nuclear marker of myoepithelial cells of the human breast","volume":"25","author":"Barbareschi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1231","article-title":"Differential expression of p63 isoforms in normal tissues and neoplastic cells","volume":"198","author":"Nylander","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.12.936","article-title":"p63 Staining of myoepithelial cells in breast fine needle aspirates: A study of its role in differentiating in situ from invasive ductal carcinomas of the breast","volume":"55","author":"Milanezi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1097\/00125480-200209000-00002","article-title":"Taking advantage of basic research: p63 is a reliable myoepithelial and stem cell marker","volume":"9","author":"Schmitt","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Anat. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1309\/RX1W80K68NRJ0PTT","article-title":"p63 Immunocytochemistry improves accuracy of diagnosis with fine-needle aspiration of the breast","volume":"128","author":"Harton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.2006.02069.x","article-title":"Double immunostaining with p63 and high-molecular-weight cytokeratins distinguishes borderline papillary lesions of the breast","volume":"57","author":"Ichihara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pathol. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.5858\/2003-127-0336-TRBPAP","article-title":"The relationship between p63 and p53 expression in normal and neoplastic breast tissue","volume":"127","author":"Zucoloto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03033709","article-title":"Is p63 reliable in detecting microinvasion in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast?","volume":"9","author":"Garcia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res. POR"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"465","article-title":"p63 expression in benign and malignant breast lesions","volume":"19","author":"Stefanou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1080\/00313020500444625","article-title":"p63 is useful in the diagnosis of mammary metaplastic carcinomas","volume":"38","author":"Tse","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2559.2005.02249.x","article-title":"p63 correlates with both BRCA1 and cytokeratin 5 in invasive breast carcinomas: Further evidence for the pathogenesis of the basal phenotype of breast cancer","volume":"47","author":"Ramalho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30866","article-title":"The p63\/p73 network mediates chemosensitivity to cisplatin in a biologically defined subset of primary breast cancers","volume":"117","author":"Leong","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-007-0551-3","article-title":"Pathologic complete remission rate after cisplatin-based primary chemotherapy in breast cancer: Correlation with p63 expression","volume":"61","author":"Rocca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-22-0008","article-title":"Computational Modeling of TP63-TP53 Interaction and Rational Design of Inhibitors: Implications for Therapeutics","volume":"21","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1097\/00129039-200409000-00010","article-title":"P63 expression in lung carcinoma: A tissue microarray study of 408 cases","volume":"12","author":"Au","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2020-206643","article-title":"p63 expression is associated with high histological grade, aberrant p53 expression and TP53 mutation in HER2-positive breast carcinoma","volume":"74","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2021.153733","article-title":"Immunohistochemical comparison of p63 and p40 in head and neck Spindle Cell Carcinoma","volume":"229","author":"Sahu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000138183.97366.fd","article-title":"p63 expression in breast cancer: A highly sensitive and specific marker of metaplastic carcinoma","volume":"28","author":"Koker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1177\/030089160809400611","article-title":"Immunohistochemical analysis of ER, PR, HER-2, CK 5\/6, p63 and EGFR antigen expression in medullary breast cancer","volume":"94","author":"Matkovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Tumori"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4103\/joc.joc_5_22","article-title":"Immunocytochemical Evaluation of TTF-1, Napsin-A, and p-63 for Subtyping of Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma and Clinicopathological Correlation","volume":"39","author":"Sharma","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-003-0859-2","article-title":"Distribution of p63, cytokeratins 5\/6 and cytokeratin 14 in 51 normal and 400 neoplastic human tissue samples using TARP-4 multi-tumor tissue microarray","volume":"443","author":"Simpson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/cyt.12244","article-title":"Immunocytochemical analysis of p63 and 34\u03b2E12 in fine needle aspiration cytology specimens for breast lesions: A potentially useful discriminatory marker between intraductal papilloma and ductal carcinoma in situ","volume":"27","author":"Hoshikawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytopathology"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"141","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of CK5\/6 and p63 in fine-needle aspiration of the breast lesions diagnosed as proliferative fibrocystic lesion","volume":"40","author":"Ghorab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1159\/000323313","article-title":"Diagnostic role of p63 immunostaining in fine needle aspiration cytology of different breast lesions","volume":"55","author":"Aiad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Cytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1002\/dc.21353","article-title":"Morphometric analysis and p63 improve the identification of myoepithelial cells in breast lesion cytology","volume":"39","author":"Aikawa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn. Cytopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.3800423","article-title":"Immunoreactivity for c-kit and p63 as an adjunct in the diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the breast","volume":"18","author":"Mastropasqua","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.2006.036830","article-title":"The role of immunohistochemistry for smooth-muscle actin, p63, CD10 and cytokeratin 14 in the differential diagnosis of papillary lesions of the breast","volume":"60","author":"Tse","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4741.2007.00518.x","article-title":"Use of p63 and CD10 in the differential diagnosis of papillary neoplasms of the breast","volume":"14","author":"Schenka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Breast J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.11.029","article-title":"Collective invasion in breast cancer requires a conserved basal epithelial program","volume":"155","author":"Cheung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/his.14917","article-title":"Low-grade adenosquamous carcinoma of the breast: A clinical, morphological and immunohistochemical analysis of 25 patients","volume":"83","author":"Lewis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Histopathology"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1038\/onc.2015.87","article-title":"p63\/MT1-MMP axis is required for in situ to invasive transition in basal-like breast cancer","volume":"35","author":"Lodillinsky","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.82","article-title":"Aberrant p63 and WT-1 expression in myoepithelial cells of pregnancy-associated breast cancer: Implications for tumor aggressiveness and invasiveness","volume":"5","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-009-0608-6","article-title":"Clinical relevance of the putative stem cell marker p63 in breast cancer","volume":"122","author":"Hanker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.6.428","article-title":"Increased invasiveness and aggressiveness in breast epithelia with cytoplasmic p63 expression","volume":"6","author":"Hsiao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2022.08.003","article-title":"\u0394Np63\u03b1 in cancer: Importance and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"33","author":"Fisher","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05796-y","article-title":"Disease-related p63 DBD mutations impair DNA binding by distinct mechanisms and varying degree","volume":"14","author":"Osterburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasic, I., Horvat, A., Tadijan, A., and Slade, N. (2022). p53 Family in Resistance to Targeted Therapy of Melanoma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24010065"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs228015","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.228015","article-title":"p63-related signaling at a glance","volume":"133","author":"Fisher","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, B.H., Hsu, Y.C., Yeh, F.Y., Lin, Y.R., Lu, R.Y., Yu, S.J., Shaw, J.F., Wu, M.H., Tsai, Y.Z., and Lin, Y.C. (2022). P63 and P73 Activation in Cancers with p53 Mutation. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10071490"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1471","article-title":"The integrin \u03b1v\u03b23-5 ligand MFG-E8 is a p63\/p73 target gene in triple-negative breast cancers but exhibits suppressive functions in ER+ and erbB2+ breast cancers","volume":"71","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-015-1766-z","article-title":"Immunostaining of Np63 (using the p40 antibody) is equal to that of p63 and CK5\/6 in high-grade ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast","volume":"467","author":"Sailer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/7\/359\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:27:40Z","timestamp":1782898060000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/7\/359"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm16070359"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm16070359","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]}}}