{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:52:21Z","timestamp":1787028741729,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"]}]},{"award":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05210\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The main purpose of this work is to critically review the literature on neurocognitive disorders (ND) diagnosis. A critical review was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses focusing on ND diagnosis were included. The selected studies were critically analyzed and conceptually integrated to identify relevant dimensions for the diagnosis of ND. The review included 88 studies. Most studies focused on Alzheimer\u2019s disease and mild cognitive impairment. The literature remained predominantly centred on isolated diagnostic domains, and important limitations were consistently identified, including methodological heterogeneity, lack of standardized thresholds, and reduced clinical applicability. Based on the identified conceptual and methodological limitations, a Multidimensional Model of Neurocognitive Disorders (MOND model) for ND diagnosis was proposed. The MOND model was developed as a multidimensional, multilevel, transdiagnostic model integrating biological, neurocognitive, neuropsychiatric, motor, functional, frailty, reserve-related, and socio-environmental dimensions. The model may contribute to research, symptom classification, severity characterization, prognosis, and personalized intervention planning across different ND trajectories. Future studies using the MOND model should focus on refining algorithms to estimate the risk of ND.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16070363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T14:33:06Z","timestamp":1783089186000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Towards a Multidimensional Model of Neurocognitive Disorders (MOND Model): Integrating Evidence from a Critical Review into a Model for Future Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0643-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joana O.","family":"Pinto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"1H-TOXRUN\u2014One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2427-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Peixoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"1H-TOXRUN\u2014One Health Toxicology Research Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Translational Toxicology Research Laboratory, UCIBIO\u2014Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, University Institute of Health Sciences, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"},{"name":"Associate Laboratory i4HB\u2014Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, University Institute of Health Science, CESPU, 4585-116 Gandra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4595-9816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artemisa R.","family":"Dores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CIR, ESS, Polytechnic of Porto, Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida n\u00ba 400, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3310-5613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neuropsychophysiology, Faculty of Psychology and Education Sciences, University of Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). 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