{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T10:29:28Z","timestamp":1786616968775,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["VI25G035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI25G035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["VI25G035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["VI25G035"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/019w4f821","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Pers. Med.","JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implants are increasingly being used for mandibular reconstruction and augmentation, yet predicting the resulting facial soft tissue changes remains challenging. Accurate pre-operative prediction of soft tissue deformation is essential for surgical planning and patient counselling. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first application of a computational model for predicting three-dimensional facial soft tissue deformation induced by PEEK implants. Methods: Four patient cases with pre-operative and post-operative cone-beam computed tomography scans were analysed. A mass tensor model was employed to predict soft tissue changes based on the pre-operative soft tissue shape, mandibular anatomy, and the designed PEEK implant. Model accuracy was quantified by comparing predicted outcomes to post-operative scans using landmark-based analysis of chin and jaw positions, as well as surface distance mapping, with a mean error below 2 mm adopted as the criterion for clinically acceptable accuracy. Results: Landmark-based analysis revealed a mean absolute error of 0.9 \u00b1 0.8 mm between the predicted and actual positions. The mean surface distances were 1.3 mm for the jaw\u2013chin region and 1.0 mm for the entire facial region. Conclusions: These results demonstrate the potential of a computational approach for real-time prediction of facial soft tissue changes following PEEK implant placement, achieving clinically relevant accuracy at the cohort level, with a tendency towards under-prediction and one case exceeding the threshold.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16080427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T09:31:09Z","timestamp":1786613469000},"page":"427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Prediction of Three-Dimensional Soft Tissue Changes Following Mandibular PEEK Implantation (Proof of Concept)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8225-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom L.","family":"Zwijnenberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Virtual Surgical Planning, 3D VSP B.V., Hoogwatum 2, 9906 TD Bierum, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rutger H.","family":"Schepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Expertcenter for Orthofacial Surgery, Martini Hospital Groningen, Van Swietenplein 1, 9728 NT Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-4786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johan","family":"Jansma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Expertcenter for Orthofacial Surgery, Martini Hospital Groningen, Van Swietenplein 1, 9728 NT Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6641-7568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haye H.","family":"Glas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Virtual Surgical Planning, 3D VSP B.V., Hoogwatum 2, 9906 TD Bierum, Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1740-1445(03)00005-6","article-title":"Body Image and Disfigurement: Issues and Interventions","volume":"1","author":"Rumsey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Body Image"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2019.06.002","article-title":"Analysing Chin Prominence in Relation to the Lower Lip: The Lower Lip-Chin Prominence Angle","volume":"47","author":"Naini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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