{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T11:19:48Z","timestamp":1787570388795,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":135,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787356800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Pers. Med.","JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Radiation-induced liver disease (RILD) remains a clinically significant complication of radiotherapy for malignant neoplasms of the liver and upper abdomen, restricting achievable therapeutic doses and adversely affecting patient outcomes. Conventional photon-based radiotherapy (X-rays\/\u03b3-rays) exposes substantial volumes of healthy liver parenchyma and adjacent organs to ionizing radiation, increasing the risk of hepatocellular damage, inflammation, and progressive fibrosis. Electron irradiation (\u03b2-particles) represents a promising alternative owing to its limited tissue penetration (~2\u20133 cm) and steep dose fall-off, which significantly reduces exit dose and may reduce exit dose and limit exposure of paratumoral healthy tissues compared with photon therapy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying electron-induced hepatic damage and strategies for its prevention remain insufficiently characterized. This review systematically analyzes the pathogenesis of radiation-induced liver damage, encompassing direct DNA damage, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, NF-\u03baB-mediated inflammation, cellular senescence, and TGF-\u03b2\/Smad-driven fibrosis. The comparative dosimetric and radiobiological advantages of electron irradiation over photon therapy are discussed, with particular attention to intraoperative radiotherapy, FLASH, and very high-energy electron techniques. Current radioprotective strategies are critically evaluated, with emphasis on the limitations of amifostine and the multifunctional radioprotective potential of ascorbic acid, including free radical scavenging, attenuation of lipid peroxidation, stimulation of endogenous antioxidant defense, and direct inhibition of radiation-induced DNA strand breaks. Existing gaps in the evidence base are identified, and recommendations for future experimental and clinical research are proposed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16090439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:07:53Z","timestamp":1787566073000},"page":"439","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Liver After Fractionated Local Electron Irradiation and Against the Background of Ascorbic Acid Administration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-2600","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grigory","family":"Demyashkin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7894-9222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasiia","family":"Buianova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya, 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathalia","family":"Pyatigorskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9470-6335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga","family":"Filippova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Galina","family":"Brkich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2441-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhanna","family":"Aladysheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-9390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasiliy","family":"Belyaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Institute of Professional Education, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Trubetskaya St., 8\/2, Moscow 119048, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3763-7454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vladimir","family":"Shchekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Educational Resource Center for Immunophenotyping, Digital Spatial Profiling and Ultrastructural Analysis Innovative Technologies, Peoples\u2019 Friendship University of Russia, Miklukho-Maklaya, 6, Moscow 117198, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.21324","article-title":"The Role of Radiotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Estimating Optimal Utilization from a Review of Evidence-based Clinical Guidelines","volume":"104","author":"Delaney","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.14218\/JCTH.2018.00060","article-title":"Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Transl. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e359","DOI":"10.1038\/emm.2017.85","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Disease: Current Understanding and Future Perspectives","volume":"49","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2024, June 21). Clinical Guidelines \u201cLiver Cancer (Hepatocellular)\u201d\/Association of Oncologists of Russia. Available online: https:\/\/oncology-association.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/rak_pecheni.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2017.04.002","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Toxicity","volume":"27","author":"Ng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15593258221092365","DOI":"10.1177\/15593258221092365","article-title":"Low-Dose Gamma Radiation Modulates Liver and Testis Tissues Response to Acute Whole Body Irradiation","volume":"20","author":"Haroun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dose-Response"},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"International Atomic Energy Agency (2014). Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources: International Basic Safety Standards, IAEA. IAEA Safety Standards Series No. GSR Part 3."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saha, B., Pallatt, S., Banerjee, A., Banerjee, A.G., Pathak, R., and Pathak, S. (2024). Current Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Potential Biomarkers for Treating Radiation-Induced Liver Damage. Cells, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13181560"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Kraynov, V.P. (2022). Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Tissues; NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Hepatocellular carcinoma, Intellect Publishing Group. (In Russian)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(01)00210-1","article-title":"Roles of Vitamin C in Radiation-Induced DNA Damage in Presence and Absence of Copper","volume":"137","author":"Cai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semradonc.2018.06.007","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Disease and Modern Radiotherapy","volume":"28","author":"Koay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Radiat. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S539527","article-title":"Risk Factors of Non-Classic Radiation-Induced Liver Disease (ncRILD) After Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"17","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"CMAR"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2016.412","article-title":"Clinical Significance of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease after Stereotactic Body Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"33","author":"Jun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joo, J., Jeon, H., Kim, D., Kim, W., Nam, J., Kim, D., Park, D., Kim, C., and Ki, Y. (2023). Predictive Power of the Albumin\u2013Bilirubin Score for Hepatotoxicity in Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15153777"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.radonc.2010.10.014","article-title":"Dosimetric Predictor Identification for Radiation-Induced Liver Disease after Hypofractionated Conformal Radiotherapy for Primary Liver Carcinoma Patients with Child\u2013Pugh Grade A Cirrhosis","volume":"98","author":"Liang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Radiother. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)02846-8","article-title":"Analysis of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease Using the Lyman NTCP Model","volume":"53","author":"Dawson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2009.06.092","article-title":"Radiation-Associated Liver Injury","volume":"76","author":"Pan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, June 19). Ionizing Radiation and Health Effects. WHO, 27 July 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/ionizing-radiation-and-health-effects."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Hall, E.J. (2019). Radiobiology for the Radiologist, Wolters Kluwer. [8th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2012.717732","article-title":"The Law of Bergoni\u00e9 and Tribondeau: A Nice Formula for a First Approximation","volume":"89","author":"Vogin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"DeVita, V.T., Rosenberg, S.A., and Lawrence, T.S. (2022). DeVita, Hellman, and Rosenberg\u2019s Cancer: eBook Without Multimedia, Wolters Kluwer Health."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2023.102620","article-title":"The Role of Radiation Therapy in the Management of Primary Retroperitoneal Sarcoma: A Systematic Review and Clinical Practice Guidelines from the Australia and New Zealand Sarcoma Association","volume":"120","author":"Lawless","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2024.07.026","article-title":"Palliative Pelvic Radiotherapy for Symptomatic Frail or Metastatic Patients with Rectal Adenocarcinoma: A Systematic Review","volume":"57","author":"Bisson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026, August 17). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Hepatocellular carcinoma V.2. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1514."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026, August 17). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Biliary Tract Cancers V.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1517."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026, August 17). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma V.3. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?id=1455."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026, August 17). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Gastric Cancer V.3. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1434."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"National Comprehensive Cancer Network (2026, August 17). NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines\u00ae) for Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors V.1. Available online: https:\/\/www.nccn.org\/guidelines\/guidelines-detail?category=1&id=1507."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Gibbons, J.P. (2020). Khan\u2019s The Physics of Radiation Therapy, Wolters Kluwer. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canrad.2024.07.013","article-title":"Electron Radiation Therapy: Back to the Future?","volume":"28","author":"Renard","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer\/Radioth\u00e9rapie"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calvo, F.A., Serrano, J., Cambeiro, M., Aristu, J., Asencio, J.M., Rubio, I., Delgado, J.M., Ferrer, C., Desco, M., and Pascau, J. (2022). Intra-Operative Electron Radiation Therapy: An Update of the Evidence Collected in 40 Years to Search for Models for Electron-FLASH Studies. Cancers, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers14153693"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-17-3375","article-title":"The Advantage of FLASH Radiotherapy Confirmed in Mini-Pig and Cat-Cancer Patients","volume":"25","author":"Vozenin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Panaino, C.M.V., Piccinini, S., Andreassi, M.G., Bandini, G., Borghini, A., Borgia, M., Di Naro, A., Labate, L.U., Maggiulli, E., and Portaluri, M.G.A. (2025). Very High-Energy Electron Therapy Toward Clinical Implementation. Cancers, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers17020181"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ronga, M.G., Cavallone, M., Patriarca, A., Leite, A.M., Loap, P., Favaudon, V., Cr\u00e9hange, G., and De Marzi, L. (2021). Back to the Future: Very High-Energy Electrons (VHEEs) and Their Potential Application in Radiation Therapy. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13194942"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2019.10.049","article-title":"Design, Implementation, and in Vivo Validation of a Novel Proton FLASH Radiation Therapy System","volume":"106","author":"Diffenderfer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang, H., Cai, L., He, X., Niu, Z., Huang, H., Hu, W., Bian, H., and Huang, H. (2023). Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect and Its Clinical Implications. Front. Oncol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2023.1124412"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002535","article-title":"Effects of Radiation Therapy on Tumor Microenvironment: An Updated Review","volume":"136","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.3390\/dna4040036","article-title":"Cell Senescence and the DNA Single-Strand Break Damage Repair Pathway","volume":"4","author":"Sarma","year":"2024","journal-title":"DNA"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7267","article-title":"Targeted and Off-Target (Bystander and Abscopal) Effects of Radiation Therapy: Redox Mechanisms and Risk\/Benefit Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Pouget","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e388","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.388","article-title":"Double-strand DNA Break Repair: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Targets","volume":"4","author":"Tan","year":"2023","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2060986","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/2060986","article-title":"H2A.X Phosphorylation in Oxidative Stress and Risk Assessment in Plasma Medicine","volume":"2021","author":"Stope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khazaei Monfared, Y., Heidari, P., Klempner, S.J., Mahmood, U., Parikh, A.R., Hong, T.S., Strickland, M.R., and Esfahani, S.A. (2023). DNA Damage by Radiopharmaceuticals and Mechanisms of Cellular Repair. Pharmaceutics, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics15122761"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2016.11.017","article-title":"Emergence of miR-34a in Radiation Therapy","volume":"109","author":"Lacombe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1667\/RADE-22-00098.1","article-title":"The miR-34a-5p-c-MYC-CHK1\/CHK2 Axis Counteracts Cancer Stem Cell-Like Properties and Enhances Radiosensitivity in Hepatocellular Cancer Through Repression of the DNA Damage Response","volume":"199","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-021-00634-6","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Injury and Hepatocyte Senescence","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2014.368","article-title":"The Role of TGF-\u03921-miR-21-ROS Pathway in Bystander Responses Induced by Irradiated Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"111","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E18-02-0130","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicles Transfer Nuclear Abl-Dependent and Radiation-Induced miR-34c into Unirradiated Cells to Cause Bystander Effects","volume":"29","author":"Rastogi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gmw098","article-title":"MiR-495 Functions as an Adjuvant to Radiation Therapy by Reducing the Radiation-Induced Bystander Effect","volume":"48","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Biochim. Biophys. Sin."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1667\/RR13630.1","article-title":"TLR4-Dependent Immune Response Promotes Radiation-Induced Liver Disease by Changing the Liver Tissue Interstitial Microenvironment during Liver Cancer Radiotherapy","volume":"182","author":"Yong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-017-0038-z","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a-5p Attenuates Irradiation-Induced and LPS-Induced Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Hepatocyte Apoptosis through Inhibition of TLR4 Pathway","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1667\/RR15401.1","article-title":"MicroRNA-146a-5p Attenuates Fibrosis-Related Molecules in Irradiated and TGF-Beta1-Treated Human Hepatic Stellate Cells by Regulating PTPRA-SRC Signaling","volume":"192","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.105932","article-title":"Activation of Long-Non-Coding RNA NEAT1 Sponging microRNA-147 Inhibits Radiation Damage by Targeting PDPK1 in Troxerutin Radioprotection","volume":"26","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, C.-H., Chen, C.-Y., Yeh, C.-T., and Lin, K.-H. (2020). Radiosensitization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma through Targeting Radio-Associated MicroRNA. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051859"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12950-015-0058-3","article-title":"Portrait of Inflammatory Response to Ionizing Radiation Treatment","volume":"12","author":"Minafra","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2013.5489","article-title":"Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Biological Molecules\u2014Mechanisms of Damage and Emerging Methods of Detection","volume":"21","author":"Reisz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3010342","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/3010342","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Damage: Oxidative Stress and Epigenetic Mechanisms","volume":"2019","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nuszkiewicz, J., Wo\u017aniak, A., and Szewczyk-Golec, K. (2020). Ionizing Radiation as a Source of Oxidative Stress\u2014The Protective Role of Melatonin and Vitamin D. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165804"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1080\/15384101.2022.2131163","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Disease: Beyond DNA Damage","volume":"22","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Cycle"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"859","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07244-x","article-title":"Emerging Mechanisms of Lipid Peroxidation in Regulated Cell Death and Its Physiological Implications","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360438","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/360438","article-title":"Lipid Peroxidation: Production, Metabolism, and Signaling Mechanisms of Malondialdehyde and 4-Hydroxy-2-Nonenal","volume":"2014","author":"Ayala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2015.10.021","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Free Radicals and Protein Peroxides","volume":"595","author":"Gebicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3579143","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3579143","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Radiation-Induced Cardiotoxicity","volume":"2020","author":"Ping","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watts, D., Jaykar, M.T., Bechmann, N., and Wielockx, B. (2023). Hypoxia Signaling Pathway: A Central Mediator in Endocrine Tumors. Front. Endocrinol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.1103075"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biedrzycki, G., Wolszczak-Biedrzycka, B., Dorf, J., and Maciejczyk, M. (2024). The Antioxidant Barrier, Oxidative\/Nitrosative Stress, and Protein Glycation in Allergy: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1440313"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"fcad356","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcad356","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Disorders: A Review of Reactive Oxygen Species and Prevention by Antioxidants","volume":"6","author":"Houldsworth","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manful, C.F., Fordjour, E., Subramaniam, D., Sey, A.A., Abbey, L., and Thomas, R. (2025). Antioxidants and Reactive Oxygen Species: Shaping Human Health and Disease Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157520"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G\u0119gotek, A., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2022). Antioxidative and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ascorbic Acid. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11101993"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-017-1828-6","article-title":"Reduction\u2013Oxidation (Redox) System in Radiation-Induced Normal Tissue Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications in Radiation Therapeutics","volume":"20","author":"Yahyapour","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1097\/HP.0000000000001601","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Cell Death and Its Mechanisms","volume":"123","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Phys."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rong, J., Yu, Q., Huang, G., Wang, Y., and Zhang, N. (2025). Advances in Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Radiation Tissue Injury. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1660330"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8900122","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/8900122","article-title":"Mitochondrial Mechanisms of Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Liver Diseases","volume":"2021","author":"Chu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anal. Cell. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3209","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.073643","article-title":"Regulation of the Apaf-1\u2013Caspase-9 Apoptosome","volume":"123","author":"Bratton","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a012716","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a012716","article-title":"DNA Damage Sensing by the ATM and ATR Kinases","volume":"5","author":"Marechal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-023-01230-0","article-title":"Ionizing Radiation-Induced Mitophagy Promotes Ferroptosis by Increasing Intracellular Free Fatty Acids","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2019.109445","article-title":"Interleukin-10 Induces Senescence of Activated Hepatic Stellate Cells via STAT3-P53 Pathway to Attenuate Liver Fibrosis","volume":"66","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Signal."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-024-00727-x","article-title":"The Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype and Its Physiological and Pathological Implications","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirichenko, T.V., Markina, Y.V., Markin, A.M., Vasilyev, V.S., Hua, H., Li, D., Woo, A.Y.-H., Deev, R.V., Eremin, I.I., and Kotenko, K.V. (2025). Functional Features of Senescent Cells and Implications for Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115390"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.2147\/JHC.S540960","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Injury: An Overview","volume":"12","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatocell. Carcinoma"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2015.02.019","article-title":"The Nuclear Factor \u03baB Pathway: A Link to the Immune System in the Radiation Response","volume":"368","author":"Hellweg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2024.109895","article-title":"Ferulic Acid Protects against Gamma-Radiation Induced Liver Injury via Regulating JAK\/STAT\/Nrf2 Pathways","volume":"753","author":"Gawish","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda-Flores, N., Jim\u00e9nez-Su\u00e1rez, J., Garn\u00e9s-Garc\u00eda, C., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aroca, D.M., Sabater, S., Andr\u00e9s, I., Fern\u00e1ndez-Aramburo, A., Ruiz-Hidalgo, M.J., Belandia, B., and Sanchez-Prieto, R. (2023). P38 MAPK and Radiotherapy: Foes or Friends?. Cancers, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers15030861"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.3109\/09553002.2014.922714","article-title":"Hepatocyte Senescence Induced by Radiation and Partial Hepatectomy in Rat Liver","volume":"90","author":"Serra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2018.01.014","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Endothelial Vascular Injury: A Review of Possible Mechanisms","volume":"3","author":"Venkatesulu","year":"2018","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhepr.2022.100508","article-title":"A New Mouse Model of Radiation-Induced Liver Disease Reveals Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Underlying Fibrotic Stimulus","volume":"4","author":"Melin","year":"2022","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2025-0224","article-title":"Imperfect Repair in Aging: Senescent Cells and the Hepatic Fibrotic Niche","volume":"59","author":"Kim","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Demyashkin, G., Parshenkov, M., Koryakin, S., Skovorodko, P., Shchekin, V., Yakimenko, V., Uruskhanova, Z., Ugurchieva, D., Pugacheva, E., and Ivanov, S. (2024). Targeting Oxidative Stress: The Potential of Vitamin C in Protecting against Liver Damage after Electron Beam Therapy. Biomedicines, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12102195"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00807-x","article-title":"Hepatic Inflammatory Responses in Liver Fibrosis","volume":"20","author":"Hammerich","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.38","article-title":"Mechanisms of Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation","volume":"14","author":"Tsuchida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2026.121988","article-title":"Treatment Strategies and Prospects for Hepatic Fibrosis: Application of Traditional Chinese Medicine Polysaccharides in Modulating of the TGF-\u03921\/Smad Pathway","volume":"370","author":"Guo","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-00372-7","article-title":"Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Liver Fibrosis and Its Regression","volume":"18","author":"Kisseleva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, L., Huang, Y., Chen, J., Gao, J., Chen, S., Zhao, M., Lin, J., Zhou, S., Shen, Y., and Cheng, Y. (2025). Dynamic Crosstalk between HSCs and Liver Microenvironment: Multicellular Interactions in the Regulation of Liver Fibrosis. Front. Cell Dev. Biol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2025.1635763"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167914","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2025.167914","article-title":"Extracellular Vesicle-Dependent Crosstalk between Hepatic Stellate Cells and Kupffer Cells Promotes Their Mutual Activation","volume":"1871","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.09.014","article-title":"Anti-Fibrotic Effect of Thymoquinone on Hepatic Stellate Cells","volume":"21","author":"Ghazwani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-32672-w","article-title":"Targeting NF-Kappa B\/Proinflammatory Cytokines\/TGF-\u03b2\/TIMP-1 Pathway by Crocin Enhances Recovery from Hepatic Fibrosis in Rats","volume":"16","author":"Hassan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101158","article-title":"Unveiling the Role of Pafah1b3 in Liver Fibrosis: A Novel Mechanism Revealed","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Anal."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2013.10.038","article-title":"Repression of Smad7 Mediated by DNMT1 Determines Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Liver Fibrosis in Rats","volume":"224","author":"Bian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kagan, P., Sultan, M., Tachlytski, I., Safran, M., and Ben-Ari, Z. (2017). Both MAPK and STAT3 Signal Transduction Pathways Are Necessary for IL-6-Dependent Hepatic Stellate Cells Activation. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176173"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1038\/s44321-025-00283-7","article-title":"SMAD7: Riding on Fibrosis-Limiting Routes and Beyond","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10591","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO03643J","article-title":"Ergothioneine Suppresses Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation via Promoting Foxa3-Dependent Potentiation of the Hint1\/Smad7 Cascade and Improves CCl4-Induced Liver Fibrosis in Mice","volume":"14","author":"Shu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2010.06.046","article-title":"Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis Is Mitigated by Gene Therapy Inhibiting Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b2 Signaling in the Rat","volume":"78","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5297","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-025-05327-7","article-title":"Piezo1: The Potential Novel Target for Radiation-Induced Liver Fibrosis by Regulating FAP + Fibroblasts","volume":"480","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21386","article-title":"Radioprotective Agents: Strategies and Translational Advances","volume":"36","author":"Kamran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15741","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.103815","article-title":"Radioprotectors.Org: An Open Database of Known and Predicted Radioprotectors","volume":"12","author":"Aliper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5383","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00600","article-title":"Advances of Amifostine in Radiation Protection: Administration and Delivery","volume":"20","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(97)00138-X","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of Amifostine and Its Metabolites in Patients","volume":"33","author":"Korst","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-6-738","article-title":"Amifostine: The First Selective-Target and Broad-Spectrum Radioprotector","volume":"12","author":"Kouvaris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3003","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b01628","article-title":"Two New Faces of Amifostine: Protector from DNA Damage in Normal Cells and Inhibitor of DNA Repair in Cancer Cells","volume":"59","author":"Hofer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"509","article-title":"Amifostine Has an Inhibitory Effect on the Radiation-Induced P53-Branched Cascade in the Immature Mouse Ovary","volume":"19","author":"Yoon","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vivo"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1194.1","article-title":"Maintenance of Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (SOD2)-Mediated Delayed Radioprotection Induced by Repeated Administration of the Free Thiol Form of Amifostine","volume":"169","author":"Murley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2008.10.061","article-title":"Amifostine Induces Antioxidant Enzymatic Activities in Normal Tissues and a Transplantable Tumor That Can Affect Radiation Response","volume":"73","author":"Grdina","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S5","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(96)00333-4","article-title":"The Preclinical Basis for Broad-Spectrum Selective Cytoprotection of Normal Tissues from Cytotoxic Therapies by Amifostine (Ethyol\u00ae)","volume":"32","author":"Capizzi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2019). ETHYOL\u00ae (Amifostine) for Injection, for Intravenous Use, Prescribing Information."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lled\u00f3, I., Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez, B., Melero, A., Montoro, A., Merino-Torres, J.F., San Onofre, N., and Soriano, J.M. (2023). Vitamins and Radioprotective Effect: A Review. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030611"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1097\/MNM.0000000000000727","article-title":"Radioprotective Effect of Vitamin E on Salivary Glands after Radioiodine Therapy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: A Randomized-Controlled Trial","volume":"38","author":"Upadhyaya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, S., Sadhukhan, R., Banerjee, S., Savenka, A.V., Basnakian, A.G., McHargue, V., Wang, J., Pawar, S.A., Ghosh, S.P., and Ware, J. (2019). Gamma-Tocotrienol Protects the Intestine from Radiation Potentially by Accelerating Mesenchymal Immune Cell Recovery. Antioxidants, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8030057"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garg, S., Garg, T.K., Wise, S.Y., Fatanmi, O.O., Miousse, I.R., Savenka, A.V., Basnakian, A.G., Singh, V.K., and Hauer-Jensen, M. (2022). Effects of Gamma-Tocotrienol on Intestinal Injury in a GI-Specific Acute Radiation Syndrome Model in Nonhuman Primate. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094643"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0381-9","article-title":"Vitamin D Protects Endothelial Cells from Irradiation-Induced Senescence and Apoptosis by Modulating MAPK\/SirT1 Axis","volume":"39","author":"Marampon","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"237","article-title":"The Radioprotective Effect of Magnesium Sulfate and Vitamin A on Radiation-Induced Micronuclei and the Expression of NOX4 in Bone Marrow Cells of Mice","volume":"29","author":"Mirdoraghi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Kerman Univ. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(00)00133-9","article-title":"Antioxidant Vitamins C, E and \u03b2-Carotene Reduce DNA Damage before as Well as after \u03b3-Ray Irradiation of Human Lymphocytes in Vitro","volume":"491","author":"Konopacka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.4103\/ijnm.IJNM_89_17","article-title":"Vitamins E and C Prevent DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Peripheral Lymphocytes Exposed to Radiations from Iodine-131","volume":"33","author":"Safaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/09553009314552161","article-title":"Protective Effects of Vitamins C and E Against \u03b3-Ray-Induced Chromosomal Damage in Mouse","volume":"63","author":"Sarma","year":"1993","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Biol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.08090","article-title":"Radiation Protection by 6-Palmitoyl Ascorbic Acid-2-Glucoside: Studies on DNA Damage in Vitro, Ex Vivo, in Vivo and Oxidative Stress in Vivo","volume":"50","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarei, H., Bahreinipour, M., Sefidbakht, Y., Rezaei, S., Gheisari, R., Ardestani, S.K., Uskokovi\u0107, V., and Watabe, H. (2021). Radioprotective Role of Vitamins C and E against the Gamma Ray-Induced Damage to the Chemical Structure of Bovine Serum Albumin. Antioxidants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox10121875"},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"11","article-title":"Consumption of antioxidant dietary agents, curcumin and vitamin C, protects cellular DNA from gamma-radiation","volume":"11","author":"Nair","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/s00411-018-0744-7","article-title":"The Evaluation of Protective and Mitigating Effects of Vitamin C against Side Effects Induced by Radioiodine Therapy","volume":"57","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Radiat. Environ. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sato, T., Kinoshita, M., Yamamoto, T., Ito, M., Nishida, T., Takeuchi, M., Saitoh, D., Seki, S., and Mukai, Y. (2015). Treatment of Irradiated Mice with High-Dose Ascorbic Acid Reduced Lethality. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0117020"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106920","DOI":"10.1155\/ijcb\/1106920","article-title":"Radioprotective Effects of Vitamin C, Cimetidine, and Famotidine on Lipid Peroxidase and Hepatic Glutathione Levels in Mouse Liver","volume":"2025","author":"Gholami","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1269\/jrr.07007","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Monoglucoside as Antioxidant and Radioprotector","volume":"48","author":"Mathew","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Radiat. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.07.013","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid: The Chemistry Underlying Its Antioxidant Properties","volume":"159","author":"Njus","year":"2020","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.32782\/2226-2008-2025-2-3","article-title":"Vitamin C and Hydroxyproline as Markers of Radiation-Induced Changes in the Extracellular Matrix","volume":"2","author":"Hromadchenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"Odessa Med. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/biophysica4020022","article-title":"Interaction between Vitamins C and E When Scavenging the Superoxide Radical Shown by Hydrodynamic Voltammetry and DFT","volume":"4","author":"Caruso","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biophysica"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2022.10.008","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid as Antioxidant","volume":"121","author":"Skrzydlewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1186\/s11671-025-04248-0","article-title":"Antioxidants in Cancer Therapy Mitigating Lipid Peroxidation without Compromising Treatment through Nanotechnology","volume":"20","author":"Uti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Discov. Nano"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska, J., Boguszewska, K., Adamus-Grabicka, A., and Karwowski, B.T. (2020). Two Faces of Vitamin C\u2014Antioxidative and Pro-Oxidative Agent. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051501"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71996","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.71996","article-title":"Radioprotective Effect of Ascorbic Acid: A Need for Prophylactic Supplementation Pre- and Post-Radiation Exposure Among Patients and Healthcare Workers\u2014A Perspective Article","volume":"9","author":"Mushemba","year":"2026","journal-title":"Health Sci. Rep."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/9\/439\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T10:26:03Z","timestamp":1787567163000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/9\/439"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]},"references-count":135,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm16090439"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm16090439","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]]}}}