{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:05:49Z","timestamp":1790071549577,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789689600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Pers. Med.","JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut\u2013skin axis is a bidirectional communication network linking the gastrointestinal tract, skin, microbiota, and immune system. As major barrier organs, the gut and skin harbor complex microbial communities that contribute to tissue homeostasis, immune regulation, and protection from environmental insults. Increasing evidence indicates that dysbiosis of the gut and skin microbiota is associated with inflammatory diseases through interconnected microbial, metabolic, and immune pathways. Clinical observations further reveal strong associations between gastrointestinal disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and celiac disease, and cutaneous manifestations. Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by epithelial barrier dysfunction, immune dysregulation, microbial imbalance, and environmental influences. Patients with AD frequently exhibit reduced gut microbial diversity, depletion of beneficial short-chain fatty acid (SCFA)-producing bacteria, and enrichment of potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Cutaneous dysbiosis, particularly expansion of Staphylococcus aureus, can further impair the skin barrier and sustain inflammation. Microbial metabolites, including SCFAs, tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligands, and bile acid metabolites, may mediate gut\u2013skin communication by regulating epithelial integrity, immune tolerance, and inflammatory signaling. IBD is also increasingly recognized as a systemic disorder involving alterations in skin microbiota and cutaneous immunity. Intestinal inflammation may disrupt immune tolerance to skin commensals and promote cutaneous inflammation through cytokine signaling and immune-cell trafficking, while emerging evidence suggests reciprocal skin-to-gut effects. Epidemiologic, genetic, and clinical studies indicate an association between AD and IBD, potentially reflecting shared genetic susceptibility, barrier dysfunction, dysbiosis, and immune pathways. This review summarizes current evidence linking the gut\u2013skin axis to AD and IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm16090482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:04:17Z","timestamp":1790067857000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Gut\u2013Skin Axis in Atopic Dermatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms, Microbiota, and Therapeutic Implications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ezzuddin","family":"Abuhussein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatrics Children\u2019s Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-2395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edith V.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yukihiro","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keita","family":"Nishiyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Food Function, School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia G.","family":"Cassidy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4259-2561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koichi","family":"Tsuboi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, School of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1996-944X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.15.1.79-94.2002","article-title":"Clinical aspects and pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"15","author":"Hendrickson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2017.17.1.25","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Recent Advances in Biologic Therapies","volume":"17","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopetuso, L.R., Murgiano, M., Mantuano, E., Schiavone, V., Costa, A., Mascian\u00e0, G., Bezzerri, V., and Costa, G. (2025). The Molecular Landscape of Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD): Targets for Precision Medicine. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112738"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e079050","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2025-079050","article-title":"Medical management of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"391","author":"Hashash","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saxami, G., Kerezoudi, E.N., Eliopoulos, C., Arapoglou, D., and Kyriacou, A. (2023). The Gut-Organ Axis within the Human Body: Gut Dysbiosis and the Role of Prebiotics. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102023"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2025.01.004","article-title":"The gut-organ axis: Clinical aspects and immune mechanisms","volume":"74","author":"Fukasawa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, C., He, Y., Xie, K., Feng, L., Gao, S., and Cai, L. (2023). Review of microbiota gut brain axis and innate immunity in inflammatory and infective diseases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1282431"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2025.108831","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and neuropsychiatric disorders: Mechanisms and emerging therapeutics targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"269","author":"Petracco","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124409","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2026.124409","article-title":"Multidimensional intestinal barrier repair strategies for alleviating inflammatory bowel disease and gut-liver axis-associated metabolic liver disease","volume":"335","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2026.128915","article-title":"Oral exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid disrupts the microbiota-gut-liver axis and enhances the severity of chemically induced colitis in mice","volume":"409","author":"Park","year":"2026","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Yang, S., Yan, Y., Zhang, L., Yang, X., and Liu, L. (2026). The gut-lung axis: Pathological crosstalk and inter-organ communication in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and inflammatory bowel disease. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1796944"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, Z., Zhou, R., Hao, W., Chen, Y., Zhu, X., Gu, L., and Lin, Q. (2026). Pulmonary injury in inflammatory bowel disease: Intestinal barrier disruption, gut-lung axis remodeling, and treatment-related lung toxicity. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1883855"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0263","DOI":"10.34133\/bmr.0263","article-title":"Investigating the Mechanism of Qifenggubiao Granules in COPD Treatment: An Integrated Exploration of Ferroptosis and the Gut-Lung Axis","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomater. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Sire, R., La Mantia, A., Bonacci, L., Testa, A., Guarino, A.D., Rispo, A., Nardone, O.M., and Castiglione, F. (2024). Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Nephropathies: Exploring the Gut-Kidney Axis. Life, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/life14121541"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, L., Du, Y., Dong, X., Gao, R., Wang, W., Li, X., Xiao, G., Liu, S., Xue, Y., and Aigerim, T. (2026). Self-Propelling WO(3) Nanomotors Restore the Gut-Kidney Axis by Modulating Intestinal Homeostasis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Adv. Healthc. Mater., e71639.","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.71639"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-024-03685-6","article-title":"The gut-pancreas axis: Investigating the relationship between microbiota metabolites and pancreatic steatosis","volume":"19","author":"Kirsoy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Intern. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.003","article-title":"Role of microbiota in the GUT-SKIN AXIS responses to outdoor stressors","volume":"225","author":"Ferrara","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201600008","article-title":"The gut-skin axis in health and disease: A paradigm with therapeutic implications","volume":"38","author":"Monteleone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thrash, B., Patel, M., Shah, K.R., Boland, C.R., and Menter, A. (2013). Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: Part II. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 68.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.10.036"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.01.059","article-title":"The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in rosacea: A 3-year follow-up","volume":"75","author":"Drago","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-017-8617-4","article-title":"Skin Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"53","author":"Greuter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2430420","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2430420","article-title":"Unraveling the gut-skin axis in atopic dermatitis: Exploiting insights for therapeutic strategies","volume":"16","author":"Salinas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boldeanu, L., Ghenea, A.E., Novac, M.B., Galatis, V., P\u0103dureanu, R., Assani, M.Z., P\u0103dureanu, V., Mitroi, G.G., Boicea Camen, A.R., and Boldeanu, M.V. (2026). Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Atopic Dermatitis: Pathogenic Mechanisms, Gut-Skin Axis Disruption, and Emerging Microbiota-Targeted Therapies. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202606.1737.v1"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2026.108504","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: Multi-omics insights into microbiota-driven modulation of the gut-skin axis","volume":"216","author":"Xie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, R., Huang, X., Bao, Y., Luo, G., Zeng, J., and Tang, L. (2026). Atopic dermatitis and the gut-skin axis: A review from dysbiosis to novel targeted therapeutic strategies. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1895580"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Micu, A.E., Popescu, I.A., Halip, I.A., Mocanu, M., V\u00e2\u021b\u0103, D., Hulubencu, A.L., Gheuc\u0103-Solov\u0103stru, D.F., and Gheuc\u0103-Solov\u0103stru, L. (2025). From Gut Dysbiosis to Skin Inflammation in Atopic Dermatitis: Probiotics and the Gut-Skin Axis-Clinical Outcomes and Microbiome Implications. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27010365"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6123","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S550152","article-title":"Beyond the Skin: Exploring the Gut-Skin Axis and Metabolic Pathways in Atopic Dermatitis Pathogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Gen. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13611","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13611","article-title":"Evidence for the gut-skin axis: Common genetic structures in inflammatory bowel disease and psoriasis","volume":"30","author":"Guo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-021-01624-x","article-title":"Rosacea, Germs, and Bowels: A Review on Gastrointestinal Comorbidities and Gut-Skin Axis of Rosacea","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bosman, E.S., Albert, A.Y., Lui, H., Dutz, J.P., and Vallance, B.A. (2019). Skin Exposure to Narrow Band Ultraviolet (UVB) Light Modulates the Human Intestinal Microbiome. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.02410"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473524","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2473524","article-title":"The gut-skin axis: A bi-directional, microbiota-driven relationship with therapeutic potential","volume":"17","author":"Celiberto","year":"2025","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-023-2595-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota and healthy longevity","volume":"67","author":"Luo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-024-03770-x","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota for immunotherapy of diseases","volume":"98","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2025.02.014","article-title":"Principles of gut microbiota assembly","volume":"33","author":"Radlinski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00871-3","article-title":"Neutrophils: From IBD to the gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"Danne","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-023-00969-0","article-title":"The gut microbiota and its biogeography","volume":"22","author":"McCallum","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ueg2.12485","article-title":"Gut microbiota signatures in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2024","journal-title":"United Eur. Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102042","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i1.102042","article-title":"Creeping fat and gut microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"31","author":"Quaglio","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101266","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v31.i6.101266","article-title":"Gut microbiota in Crohn\u2019s disease pathogenesis","volume":"31","author":"Ozbey","year":"2025","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-025-04495-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota in necrotizing enterocolitis: A bibliometric and visualization analysis","volume":"100","author":"Pei","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2017.157","article-title":"The human skin microbiome","volume":"16","author":"Byrd","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.07.1498","article-title":"The human skin microbiome in health","volume":"93","author":"MacGibeny","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smythe, P., and Wilkinson, H.N. (2023). The Skin Microbiome: Current Landscape and Future Opportunities. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043950"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"adv00164","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3514","article-title":"Skin Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"100","author":"Edslev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alit.2021.11.001","article-title":"Skin microbiome of atopic dermatitis","volume":"71","author":"Koh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Allergol. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/all.16044","article-title":"The skin microbiome in pediatric atopic dermatitis and food allergy","volume":"79","author":"Tham","year":"2024","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carmona-Cruz, S., Orozco-Covarrubias, L., and S\u00e1ez-de-Ocariz, M. (2022). The Human Skin Microbiome in Selected Cutaneous Diseases. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.834135"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glatthardt, T., Lima, R.D., de Mattos, R.M., and Ferreira, R.B.R. (2024). Microbe Interactions within the Skin Microbiome. Antibiotics, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics13010049"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Papapostolou, N., Xepapadaki, P., Gregoriou, S., and Makris, M. (2022). Atopic Dermatitis and Food Allergy: A Complex Interplay What We Know and What We Would Like to Learn. J. Clin. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11144232"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70104","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.70104","article-title":"The Role of Air Pollution in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis, With a Focus on Oxidative Stress","volume":"15","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Allergy"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2020.08.025","article-title":"On the surface: Skin microbial exposure contributes to allergic disease","volume":"125","author":"DeVore","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4703","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12253-y","article-title":"Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis","volume":"10","author":"Fyhrquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, J., Li, Z., Wu, W., Sun, N., Yang, X., Liu, Q., and Li, H. (2026). Non-invasive detection of pediatric atopic dermatitis based on fecal microbiota and metabolite profiles: A diagnostic approach. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1836716"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pess\u00f4a, R., Clissa, P.B., and Sanabani, S.S. (2023). The Interaction between the Host Genome, Epigenome, and the Gut-Skin Axis Microbiome in Atopic Dermatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241814322"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andrzejczak, K., Kucharczyk, E., Sternak, A., Bus\u0142owicz, T., and Ponikowska, M. (2026). Gut Dysbiosis and the Molecular Landscape of the Gut-Skin Axis: Comparative Insights and Therapeutic Implications for Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis. Cells, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15070594"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-024-00334-5","article-title":"Immune cell trafficking: A novel perspective on the gut-skin axis","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Inflamm. Regen."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1038\/349796a0","article-title":"ELAM-1 is an adhesion molecule for skin-homing T cells","volume":"349","author":"Picker","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1038\/23495","article-title":"The chemokine receptor CCR4 in vascular recognition by cutaneous but not intestinal memory T cells","volume":"400","author":"Campbell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1038\/40166","article-title":"Cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is a specialized form of PSGL-1 expressed on skin-homing T cells","volume":"389","author":"Fuhlbrigge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0202-157","article-title":"CCL27-CCR10 interactions regulate T cell-mediated skin inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Homey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1984","article-title":"Mouse CCL8, a CCR8 agonist, promotes atopic dermatitis by recruiting IL-5+ T(H)2 cells","volume":"12","author":"Islam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20032177","article-title":"A skin-selective homing mechanism for human immune surveillance T cells","volume":"199","author":"Schaerli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1770","article-title":"Identification of a human helper T cell population that has abundant production of interleukin 22 and is distinct from T(H)-17, T(H)1 and T(H)2 cells","volume":"10","author":"Trifari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4431","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.7.4431","article-title":"The vast majority of CLA+ T cells are resident in normal skin","volume":"176","author":"Clark","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47072-3","article-title":"Dermal injury drives a skin to gut axis that disrupts the intestinal microbiome and intestinal immune homeostasis in mice","volume":"15","author":"Dokoshi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsb.2025.10.012","article-title":"Butyrylated Smilax glabra starch relieves atopic dermatitis through gut-skin axis modulation via colon-targeted delivery","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin. B"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiss, Z., Rob, F., Kolar, M., Schierova, D., Kreisinger, J., Jackova, Z., Roubalova, R., Coufal, S., Mihula, M., and Thon, T. (2022). Skin microbiota signature distinguishes IBD patients and reflects skin adverse events during anti-TNF therapy. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.1064537"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110891","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2022.110891","article-title":"Intestinal inflammation alters the antigen-specific immune response to a skin commensal","volume":"39","author":"Merana","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, B., Zhu, C., Shi, J., and Lu, C. (2023). Causal association between inflammatory bowel disease and hidradenitis suppurativa: A two-sample bidirectional Mendelian randomization study. Front. Immunol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1071616"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mpakogiannis, K., Fousekis, F.S., Karampinis, E., Mastoridou, E., Gaitanis, G., and Katsanos, K.H. (2025). Unravelling the Link Between Hidradenitis Suppurativa and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13081833"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleshner, L., Roster, K., Farabi, B., Hirani, R., Tepper, K., Pitchumoni, C.S., Safai, B., and Marmon, S. (2024). Follicular Skin Disorders, Inflammatory Bowel Disease, and the Microbiome: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms251810203"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e363","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.14157","article-title":"New-onset inflammatory bowel disease in adults with atopic dermatitis","volume":"31","author":"Egeberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.15661","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis does not increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease: A nationwide cohort study","volume":"48","author":"Weng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2015.06.029","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis is associated with an increased risk for rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, and a decreased risk for type 1 diabetes","volume":"137","author":"Schmitt","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2020.05.130","article-title":"Bidirectional relationship between atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"83","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1159\/000505290","article-title":"The Bidirectional Association between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"236","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab240","article-title":"Association Between Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Atopic Dermatitis: A Two-Sample Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"28","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izab329","article-title":"Causal Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A 2-Sample Bidirectional Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"28","author":"Meisinger","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1080\/00365521.2023.2209688","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis is associated with the clinical course of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"58","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2023.2875","article-title":"Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"159","author":"Wan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2024.114027","article-title":"Atopic Dermatitis in Early Childhood and Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Scandinavian Birth Cohort Study","volume":"270","author":"Lerchova","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1093\/ced\/llad397","article-title":"Association between atopic dermatitis and inflammatory bowel disease among US adults in the All of Us Research Program","volume":"49","author":"Joel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70077","DOI":"10.1002\/jgh3.70077","article-title":"The Association Between Atopic Dermatitis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Risk: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"8","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"JGH Open"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1159\/000542777","article-title":"Does Atopic Dermatitis Increase the Risk of Inflammatory Bowel Disease? A Meta-Analysis of Data from 61 Million Participants","volume":"186","author":"Wan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70614","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.70614","article-title":"Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis and Allergic Rhinitis: A Nationwide Case-Control Study","volume":"29","author":"Tseng","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2023.03.054","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis induced during anti-TNF-\u03b1 therapy for inflammatory bowel disease: Potential for Th2 inhibition with dupilumab","volume":"11","author":"Pagan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. Pract."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.03.007","article-title":"Use of dual biologic therapy targeting the Th2 and Th17 axes simultaneously to treat patients with atopic dermatitis and concomitant psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, or inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"91","author":"Hren","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2024.05.072","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis may not confer clinically meaningful risk of inflammatory bowel disease or renal malignancy","volume":"91","author":"Gantz","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1398-9995.2004.00476.x","article-title":"Eosinophils and atopic dermatitis","volume":"59","author":"Simon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, G., Sun, S., Deng, G., Luo, Y., Li, M., Zhao, H., Yang, X., Wang, R., Kuai, L., and Zhang, Y. (2026). The Role of and Therapeutic Strategies for Eosinophils in Atopic Dermatitis. Biomedicines, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines14061212"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Li, K., Jin, X., He, X., Du, Z., Liu, S., Jiang, S., Ou, C., Li, J., and Li, J. (2026). Comprehensive insights into the roles of eosinophils in the mucosal immunity of gastrointestinal tract: Defenders, destructors, and modulators. Front. Immunol., 17.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2026.1856746"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salvo-Romero, E., Rodi\u00f1o-Janeiro, B.K., Albert-Bayo, M., Lobo, B., Santos, J., Farr\u00e9, R., Martinez, C., and Vicario, M. (2022). Eosinophils in the Gastrointestinal Tract: Key Contributors to Neuro-Immune Crosstalk and Potential Implications in Disorders of Brain-Gut Interaction. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11101644"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0950-3528(96)90052-4","article-title":"Mucosal allergy: Role of mast cells and eosinophil granulocytes in the gut","volume":"10","author":"Bischoff","year":"1996","journal-title":"Baillieres Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"42","article-title":"The inhibitory effect of LTB4 antagonist on eosinophil infiltration in cutaneous and gut late phase response in BALB\/C mice sensitized with ovalubumin (OVA)","volume":"46","author":"Hakugawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arerugi"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Pessemier, B., Grine, L., Debaere, M., Maes, A., Paetzold, B., and Callewaert, C. (2021). Gut-Skin Axis: Current Knowledge of the Interrelationship between Microbial Dysbiosis and Skin Conditions. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0310-x","article-title":"Remote allergen exposure elicits eosinophil infiltration into allergen nonexposed mucosal organs and primes for allergic inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Olbrich","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-024-01225-y","article-title":"TLR7-dependent eosinophil degranulation links psoriatic skin inflammation to small intestinal inflammatory changes in mice","volume":"56","author":"Kim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1007\/s12016-025-09112-8","article-title":"Microorganisms, Microbial Metabolites and Precision Nutrition: Targeting the Gut-Skin Axis for Immune Microenvironment Remodeling in Atopic Dermatitis","volume":"68","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.28164","article-title":"Multiorgan-on-a-chip for realization of gut-skin axis","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yeshi, K., Ruscher, R., Hunter, L., Daly, N.L., Loukas, A., and Wangchuk, P. (2020). Revisiting Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Pathology, Treatments, Challenges and Emerging Therapeutics Including Drug Leads from Natural Products. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051273"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s43556-025-00395-z","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel diseases: Pathological mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mol. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laffusa, A., Burti, C., Vigan\u00f2, C., Poggi, F., Grieco, L., Occhipinti, V., Greco, S., and Orlando, S. (2025). Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Understanding Therapeutic Effects of Distinct Molecular Inhibitors as the Key to Current and Future Advanced Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines13112667"}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/9\/482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T09:28:03Z","timestamp":1790069283000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/16\/9\/482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm16090482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm16090482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2075-4426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]]}}}