{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T09:04:46Z","timestamp":1762506286360,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395187200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is crucial in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD), yet attendance is poor. Mobile technology (mHealth) offers a potential solution to increase reach of CR. This paper presents two development studies to determine mobile phone usage in adults with CVD and to evaluate the acceptability of an mHealth healthy eating CR program. Methods: CR attendees were surveyed to determine mobile phone usage rates. A second single-subject pilot study investigated perceptions of a 4-week theory-based healthy eating mHealth program and explored pre-post changes in self-efficacy. Results: 74 adults with CVD completed the survey (50\/74 male; mean age 63 \u00b1 10). Nearly all had mobile phones (70\/74; 95%) and used the Internet (69\/74; 93%), and most were interested in receiving CR by text message (57\/74; 77%). 20 participants took part in the healthy eating pilot study. Participants read all\/most of the text messages, and most (19\/20) thought using mobile technology was a good way to deliver the program. The website was not widely used as visiting the website was reported to be time consuming. Exploratory t-tests revealed an increase in heart healthy eating self-efficacy post program, in particular the environmental self-efficacy subset (Mean = 0.62, SD = 0.74, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Text messaging was seen as a simple and acceptable way to deliver nutrition information and behavior change strategies; however, future research is needed to determine the effectiveness of such programs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm4010088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]],"date-time":"2014-03-19T13:33:16Z","timestamp":1395235996000},"page":"88-101","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cardiovascular Disease Self-Management:  Pilot Testing of an mHealth Healthy Eating Program"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Leila","family":"Dale","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robyn","family":"Whittaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9521-3513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Eyles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1144-9167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cliona","family":"Mhurchu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2893-8415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kylie","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne Burwood Campus, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natasha","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Maddison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute for Health Innovation, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019,  Auckland Mail Center, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Jolliffe, J., Rees, K., Taylor, R.R.S., Thompson, D.R., Oldridge, N., and Ebrahim, S. (2009). Exercise-based rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heran, B.S., Chen, J.M., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., Thompson, D.R., and Taylor, R.S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 6.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001800.pub2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2007.134338","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in the United Kingdom","volume":"95","author":"Bethell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation services in New Zealand: Access and utilisation","volume":"117","author":"Broad","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Z. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.701466","article-title":"Use of cardiac rehabilitation by medicare beneficiaries after myocardial infarction or coronary bypass surgery","volume":"116","author":"Suaya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1097\/HJR.0b013e328334f42d","article-title":"Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe: Results from the European cardiac rehabilitation inventory survey","volume":"17","author":"McGee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiovasc. Prev. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmm021","article-title":"\u201cDNA\u201d may not mean \u201cdid not participate\u201d: A qualitative study of reasons for non-adherence at home- and centre-based cardiac rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Jones","year":"2007","journal-title":"Fam. Pract."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e36","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-12-36","article-title":"mHealth cardiac rehabilitation exercise intervention: Findings from content development studies","volume":"12","author":"Pfaeffli","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1177\/1741826711409326","article-title":"Participating in cardiac rehabilitation: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data","volume":"19","author":"Neubeck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1111\/wvn.12002","article-title":"Physical activity text messaging interventions in adults: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Buchholz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Worldviews Evid. Based Nurs."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union ICT Facts and Figures. Available online:http:\/\/www.itu.int\/en\/ITU-D\/Statistics\/Documents\/facts\/ICTFactsFigures2013-e.pdf."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Ofcom Fixed-Line Voice and Mobile Connections Per Head: 2010. Available online:http:\/\/stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk\/market-data-research\/market-data\/communications-market-reports\/cmr11\/international\/icmr-1.08\/."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Commerce Commission New Zealand Annual Telecommunications Monitoring Report 2011. Available online:http:\/\/www.nbr.co.nz\/sites\/default\/files\/images\/2011-Annual-Telecommunications-Market-Monitoring-Report-30-April-2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"International Telecommunication Union Measuring the Information Society 2011. Available online:http:\/\/www.itu.int\/ITU-D\/ict\/publications\/idi\/material\/2011\/MIS2011-ExceSum-E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2318-13-43","article-title":"Older adults are mobile too! Identifying the barriers and facilitators to older adults\u2019 use of mHealth for pain management","volume":"13","author":"Parker","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e318250a3e7","article-title":"Mobile Phone interventions to increase physical activity and reduce weight: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Stephens","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1089\/tmj.2008.0099","article-title":"Healthcare via cell phones: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Krishna","year":"2009","journal-title":"Telemed. e-Health"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxq004","article-title":"Text messaging as a tool for behavior change in disease prevention and management","volume":"32","author":"Kershaw","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.09.040","article-title":"Behavior change interventions delivered by mobile phone telephone short-message service","volume":"36","author":"Fjeldsoe","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maddison, R., Whittaker, R., Stewart, R., Kerr, A.J., Jiang, A., Kira, G., Carter, K.H., and Pfaeffli, L. (2011). HEART: Heart exercise and remote technologies: A randomized controlled trial study protocol. BMC Cardiovasc. Disord.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2261-11-26"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carter, K., Maddison, R., Whittaker, R., Stewart, R., Kerr, A., Jiang, Y., Pfaeffli, L., and Rawstorn, J. (2013). Heart: Efficacy of a mHealth exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation program. Heart Lung Circ., 22.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2013.04.015"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2011.649103","article-title":"A Development and evaluation process for mHealth interventions: Examples from New Zealand","volume":"17","author":"Whittaker","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Health Commun."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.1553","article-title":"A theory-based video messaging mobile phone intervention for smoking cessation: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Whittaker","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"New Zealand Guidelines Group Evidence-Based Best Practice Guideline: Cardiac Rehabilitation 2002. Available online:http:\/\/www.health.govt.nz\/publication\/cardiac-rehabilitation-guideline\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1080\/08870449808407422","article-title":"Health promotion from the perspective of social cognitive theory","volume":"13","author":"Bandura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychol. Health"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1097\/JCN.0b013e31821efdc2","article-title":"Self-efficacy and barriers to healthy diet in cardiac rehabilitation participants and nonparticipants","volume":"27","author":"Sharp","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-10-1","article-title":"A tutorial on pilot studies: The what, why and how","volume":"10","author":"Thabane","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1097\/00008486-200310000-00004","article-title":"Heart healthy eating self-efficacy: An effective tool for managing eating behavior change interventions for hypercholesterolemia","volume":"18","author":"Gaughan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Top. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"LimeSurvey Project Team LimeSurvey: An Open Source Survey Tool 2012. Available online:http:\/\/www.limesurvey.org\/."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1098214005283748","article-title":"A general inductive approach for analyzing qualitative evaluation data","volume":"27","author":"Thomas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Eval."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Ofcom Adults Media Use and Attitudes Report: 2012. Available online:http:\/\/stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk\/market-data-research\/media-literacy\/archive\/medlitpub\/medlitpubrss\/adults-media-use-attitudes\/."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.05.007","article-title":"A review of eHealth interventions for physical activity and dietary behavior change","volume":"33","author":"Norman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1177\/1090198104263660","article-title":"Health promotion by social cognitive means","volume":"31","author":"Bandura","year":"2004","journal-title":"Health Educ. Behav."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s13142-011-0021-7","article-title":"Health behavior models in the age of mobile interventions: Are our theories up to the task?","volume":"1","author":"Riley","year":"2011","journal-title":"Transl. Behav. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2011.08.017","article-title":"Healthcare in the pocket: Mapping the space of mobile-phone health interventions","volume":"45","author":"Klasnja","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Inform."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001362","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001362","article-title":"The effectiveness of mobile-health technology-based health behaviour change or disease management interventions for health care consumers: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Free","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Med."}],"container-title":["Journal of Personalized Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/4\/1\/88\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:23Z","timestamp":1760216963000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2075-4426\/4\/1\/88"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["jpm4010088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jpm4010088","relation":{},"ISSN":["2075-4426"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2075-4426"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,19]]}}}