{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T17:53:15Z","timestamp":1790185995876,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]],"date-time":"2019-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["JPM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD\/BMD) are X-linked muscle disorders caused by mutations of the DMD gene, which encodes the subsarcolemmal protein dystrophin. In DMD, dystrophin is not expressed due to a disruption in the reading frame of the DMD gene, resulting in a severe phenotype. Becker muscular dystrophy exhibits a milder phenotype, having mutations that maintain the reading frame and allow for the production of truncated dystrophin. To date, various therapeutic approaches for DMD have been extensively developed. However, the pathomechanism is quite complex despite it being a single gene disorder, and dystrophin is expressed not only in a large amount of skeletal muscle but also in cardiac, vascular, intestinal smooth muscle, and nervous system tissue. Thus, the most appropriate therapy would be complementation or restoration of dystrophin expression, such as gene therapy using viral vectors, readthrough therapy, or exon skipping therapy. Among them, exon skipping therapy with antisense oligonucleotides can restore the reading frame and yield the conversion of a severe phenotype to one that is mild. In this paper, I present the significance of molecular diagnosis and the development of mutation-based therapeutic strategies to complement or restore dystrophin expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm9010016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,5]],"date-time":"2019-03-05T03:01:23Z","timestamp":1551754883000},"page":"16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Mutation-Based Therapeutic Strategies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: From Genetic Diagnosis to Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Akinori","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization, Matsumoto Medical Center, 2-20-30 Murai-machi Minami, Matsumoto 399-8701, Japan"},{"name":"Third Department of Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90504-6","article-title":"Complete cloning of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) cDNA and preliminary genomic organization of the DMD gene in normal and affected individuals","volume":"50","author":"Koenig","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(87)90579-4","article-title":"Dystrophin: The protein product of the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus","volume":"51","author":"Hoffman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2014.05.002","article-title":"Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies","volume":"32","author":"Flanigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol. 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