{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T18:13:40Z","timestamp":1777486420740,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41701372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41701372"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Land"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drought and vegetation dynamics in the northern Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China (NXC), the centre of Asia with arid climate, were assessed using the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Analyses were performed through the use of Sen\u2019s method and Spearman\u2019s correlation to investigate variations in the NDVI and the impacts of drought on vegetation from 1998 to 2015. The severity of droughts in the NXC was assessed by the SPEI, which was revealed to increase over the last 60 years at a rate of 0.017 per decade. This indicates that an alleviating tendency of drought intensity occurred in the NXC. Specifically, the spatial pattern of drought intensity increased gradually from the north-western to south-eastern regions. The average yearly NDVI was 0.28 and increased slightly by 0.001 yr\u22121 (r = 0.94, p = 3.64) between 1998 and 2015. Additionally, the NDVI showed an obviously spatial heterogeneity, with greater values in the west and small values in the east. Significantly, positive correlations between SPEI and NDVI were observed, while drought exerted a five-year lag effect on vegetation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/land9030090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T03:54:14Z","timestamp":1584590054000},"page":"90","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Climate Change Affected Vegetation Dynamics in the Northern Xinjiang of China: Evaluation by SPEI and NDVI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Nana","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-9153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dehua","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bolong","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingtu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137166","article-title":"Spatial and temporal effects of drought on Chinese vegetation under different coverage levels","volume":"716","author":"Ding","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3228","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02419.x","article-title":"Changes in satellite-derived vegetation growth trend in temperate and boreal Eurasia from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.06.016","article-title":"Altitude and temperature dependence of change in the spring vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"151","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15517","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71115517","article-title":"Changes in Growing Season Vegetation and Their Associated Driving Forces in China during 2001-2012","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11105","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70911105","article-title":"Interannual Variations in Growing-Season NDVI and Its Correlation with Climate Variables in the Southwestern Karst Region of China","volume":"7","author":"Hou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110100","article-title":"Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change","volume":"37","author":"Parmesan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/416389a","article-title":"Ecological responses to recent climate change","volume":"416","author":"Walther","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.3390\/rs5052093","article-title":"Divergent Arctic-Boreal Vegetation Changes between North America and Eurasia over the Past 30 Years","volume":"5","author":"Bi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.05.012","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to climate change and human activities in Central Asia","volume":"599","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2019.04.027","article-title":"Relative importance of climate change and human activities for vegetation changes on China\u2019s silk road economic belt over multiple timescales","volume":"180","author":"Qi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1007\/s11629-013-2902-3","article-title":"The relationship between normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and climate factors in the semiarid region: A case study in Yalu Tsangpo River basin of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau","volume":"11","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mt. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.12.007","article-title":"Responses of vegetation to climatic variations in the desert region of northern China","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.09.027","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Variation of Vegetation and Climate Impacts on It in Ghana from 1982 to 2006","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"693","article-title":"Analysis on Response of Vegetation Index to Climate Change and Its Prediction in the Three-Rivers-Source Region","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"123","article-title":"Impacts and lags of global warming on vegetation in Beijing for the last 50 years based on remotely sensed data and phonological information","volume":"24","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"705","article-title":"Effects of climate change on normalized difference vegetation index based on the multiple analysis of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index methods in the Lancang River basin","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clima. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"135","article-title":"Spatial-temporal change of vegetation cover and its relationship with SPEI in Hutuo river basin","volume":"16","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"South-to-North Water Transf. Water Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4391","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70404391","article-title":"Drought Variability and Land Degradation in Semiarid Regions: Assessment Using Remote Sensing Data and Drought Indices (1982\u20132011)","volume":"7","author":"Cabello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11069-019-03569-5","article-title":"The relationship between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and drought indices in the South Central United States","volume":"96","author":"Bushra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/9\/094010","article-title":"Recent trends in vegetation greenness in China significantly altered annual evapotranspiration and water yield","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12795","article-title":"Detection and attribution of vegetation greening trend in China over the last 30 years","volume":"21","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2007.12.002","article-title":"Spatial and temporal patterns of Holocene vegetation and climate changes in arid and semi-arid China","volume":"194","author":"Zhao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2015.05.036","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and responses to recent climate change in Xinjiang using leaf area index as an indicator","volume":"58","author":"Jiapaer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-016-0043-6","article-title":"Vegetation dynamics and its response to climate change in Central Asia","volume":"8","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"6198","article-title":"Assessment of spatio-temporal variations in vegetation cover in Xinjiang from 1982 to 2013 based on GIMMS-NDVI","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1360\/04yd0050","article-title":"Ecological response to the climate change on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang","volume":"48","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-015-1572-1","article-title":"NDVI-based vegetation responses to climate change in an arid area of China","volume":"126","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11769-012-0510-8","article-title":"Regional differences of China\u2019s urban expansion from late 20th to early 21st century based on remote sensing information","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. Geogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2018.06.005","article-title":"Temporal-spatial variations and influencing factors of vegetation cover in Xinjiang from 1982 to 2013 based on GIMMS-NDVI3g","volume":"169","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7615","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph120707615","article-title":"Assessments of Drought Impacts on Vegetation in China with the Optimal Time Scales of the Climatic Drought Index","volume":"12","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-018-7390-x","article-title":"Trend analysis of hydroclimatological variables in Urmia lake basin using hybrid wavelet Mann-Kendall and Sen tests","volume":"77","author":"Nourani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2012.10.014","article-title":"Analysis of changes in meteorological variables using Mann-Kendall and Sen\u2019s slope estimator statistical tests in Serbia","volume":"100","author":"Gocic","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.2307\/1907187","article-title":"Spatial-temporal variation and protection of wetland resources in Xinjiang","volume":"13","author":"Mann","year":"1945","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"482","article-title":"Definition and detection of climatic mutations","volume":"16","author":"Fu","year":"1992","journal-title":"Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"81","article-title":"The spatio-temporal climate change and the response of runoff in the past 48a of the Zhangye region in the middle reaches of the Heihe river","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Land Res. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"736","article-title":"Progresses in Climatological Statistical Diagnosis and Prediction Methods-In Commemoration of the 50 Anniversaries of CAMS Establishment","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"19","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Characteristics of Droughts over Yunnan Province during 19612012","volume":"34","author":"He","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mt. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3001","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3887","article-title":"Standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) revisited: Parameter fitting, evapotranspiration models, tools, datasets and drought monitoring","volume":"34","author":"Begueria","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1207068110","article-title":"Response of vegetation to drought time-scales across global land biomes","volume":"110","author":"Gouveia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/10\/2\/024011","article-title":"Tipping point of a conifer forest ecosystem under severe drought","volume":"10","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (2006). Classification of Meteorological Drought, China Standards Press. GBT 20481-2006."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.11.462","article-title":"Modeling multi-decadal mangrove leaf area index in response to drought along the semi-arid southern coasts of Iran","volume":"656","author":"Zenner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1822.1","article-title":"Global trends and variability in soil moisture and drought characteristics, 1950-2000, from observation-driven Simulations of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle","volume":"21","author":"Sheffield","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"422","article-title":"Climate Change in the Urumqi-Changji Region of Xinjiang in Resent 48 Years","volume":"27","author":"Pu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arid Zone Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4052","article-title":"Spatiotemporal properties of droughts and related impacts on agriculture in Xinjiang, China","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.02.200","article-title":"Multi-scale assessments of droughts: A case study in Xinjiang, China","volume":"630","author":"Yao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12079","article-title":"Spatial patterns and climate drivers of carbon fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems of China","volume":"19","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"293","article-title":"Analysis on Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Drought-Flood Based on Standard Precipitation Index in Northern Xinjiang in Recent 53 Years","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"1132","article-title":"Spatial-temporal Variation of NDVI for Growing Season and Its Relationship with Winter Snowfall in Northern Xinjiang","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Technol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"172","article-title":"Analysis on spatio-temporal trends and drivers in monthly NDVI during recent decades in Xinjiang, China based two datasets","volume":"32","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"662","article-title":"Spatio-temporal Patterns of NDVI Variations and Possible Relations with Climate Changes in Xinjiang Province","volume":"19","author":"Ci","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Geo-Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"177","article-title":"Assessing impacts of meteorological drought on vegetation at catchment scale in China based on SPEI and NDVI","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trans. Chin. Soc. Agric. Eng."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"362","article-title":"Precipitation Multi-Scale Characteristics by Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition in Northern Xinjiang","volume":"24","author":"Luo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Res. Soil Water Conserv."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"5028","article-title":"Shift scenarios of mean centers in vegetation ecosystems in Eurasia","volume":"39","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.09.115","article-title":"NDVI-based vegetation dynamics and its response to climate changes at Amur-Heilongjiang River Basin from 1982 to 2015","volume":"650","author":"Chu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"4699","article-title":"Temporal dynamics of vegetation NDVI and its response to drought conditions in Yunnan Province","volume":"36","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"McKee, T.B., Doesken, N.J., Kleist, J., and Amerkican Meteorological Society (1995). Drought Monitoring with Multiple Time Scales, Amerkican Meteorological Society."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1696","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI2909.1","article-title":"A Multiscalar Drought Index Sensitive to Global Warming: The Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index","volume":"23","author":"Begueria","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chartzoulakis, K.S., and Angelakis, A.N. (1997). Proposed revision to the FAO procedure for estimating crop water requirements. Second International Symposium on Irrigation of Horticultural Crops, Vols 1 and 2, International Society Horticultural Science.","DOI":"10.17660\/ActaHortic.1997.449.1"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-017-6235-5","article-title":"Exploring standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index for drought assessment in Bangladesh","volume":"189","author":"Miah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Islam, A.M.T., Shen, S.H., Hu, Z.H., and Rahman, M.A. (2017). Drought Hazard Evaluation in Boro Paddy Cultivated Areas of Western Bangladesh at Current and Future Climate Change Conditions. Adv. Meteorol., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3514381"}],"container-title":["Land"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/9\/3\/90\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:07:51Z","timestamp":1760173671000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-445X\/9\/3\/90"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["land9030090"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/land9030090","relation":{},"ISSN":["2073-445X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2073-445X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]]}}}